Critical Evaluation for the Presentation of Research Data Essay

Critical Evaluation for the Presentation of Research Data - Essay Example The nature of a structure implies a need or needs that the structure will have to address. Man’s needs are many. Some of the more basic ones pertain to food, clothing, and shelter. Beyond the basic needs are the need for leisure, recreation, social life, and aesthetics. This is only a small fraction of some of man’s needs. At the same time, architectural design can also come in to define how each of these needs will be addressed. All families need a living room but the living room can be small, large, or very large, depending on how one would define his or her family’s needs for a living room. Further, even if all families may want a specific size of a living room. However, the same living room may be elegant, classy, or simply simple. Take for instance, a shelter or a home. How should a home be designed in a way that the shelter becomes aesthetic and responsive to the needs of a family? Aesthetics have perspectives. The family or the client’s taste can be gothic, roman, modern, conservative, classic, psychedelic or specific taste. They homeowner may be of Latin American heritage, African, European, Asian, French, Chinese, American Indian, Black American, or from another race or ethnicity. Each of the race or ethnic group may have a perspective on aesthetics that project their heritage and the homeowner may want that projected in his home. The family or client may want his home to project specific symbolisms or values. The client may want to project power, wealth, taste, values, culture, and the like. The client may be catholic-religious and may want his home to project his faith: he or she may want to adorn his house with the statues of saints or the Roman Catholic version of the cross. He or she may be a Muslim and may want to reflect his or her faith in the home in a manner that consistent with the faith of Islam. A home is designed to meet the needs of the owner. Will the homeowner be needing a prayer room? A computer room? A lib rary? Will he or she want a social room? How large will the social room be? How many people should it accommodate when space and budget are not constraints? Is there anything in the homeowner’s heritage that suggest how large the social room should be? How many bedrooms? Of course, an architect may directly ask the prospective homeowner for design information. However, what if so many houses will have to be constructed and rows of houses will have to be designed in advance or before they are sold? Further, how could architects design the homes even before the architects meet the potential homeowners? This is the case for many subdivisions wherein houses are designed without the benefit of information on specifications from buyers. On the matter of anticipating the house buyers’ preferences for houses and architectural design, an architect’s knowledge of research is useful as the basis for architectural design. II. Qualitative Research Although, thousands of book s have emerged on qualitative research, the literature usually on describe but not explicit define qualitative research. For instance, Bergman (2008, p. 12) described qualitative research to have the following characteristics and/or assumptions/perspectives: 1. How man would perceive reality or fact is a construction, especially a social construction, and a multiple reality exists. In other words, men would describe the same reality in different ways because each of them would have a specific perspective on reality.

Compare London and Westminster Bridge Essay Example for Free

Compare London and Westminster Bridge Essay These two poems, though written within 10 years of each other, convey very different views on London. They were both written during a time of revolution and change. Both these poems were written at the turn of the 19th century, in Georgian times, to illustrate the authors views on the City of London. At the time, the industrial revolution was underway and there was a vast growth in the population, due to medical advances and a more promiscuous culture with prostitution in the formation of new cities. There was a revolution started in France and because it was a respected country within Europe at the time, with its pioneers in architecture, gardening and thought, the French had major influence in England. Being its neighbouring country it caused ripples of change and rebellion in European thought. This affected many people in England; the poet Blake was one of them. His revolutionist ideas were conveyed in this poem, London. This was contrary to Wordsworths poem, Upon Westminster Bridge, which picked out the imagery of London and its glory, without relating that the frivolous consummations of the monarchy and the church, created a vast gap between the rich and the poor, which Blake picked up on. Wordsworth was most probably ignorant of the fact that the mass of the English population in London was poor, because he was a tourist in the city. Or he could have realised the fact yet looked past it deciding that it would make a better poem to elaborate on Londons splendour. The poem also, seems vastly over the top and many people may just take the poem at its face value and dislike it, but Wordsworths poem describes London as glittering in the smokeless air and having a calming aura. These statements, I think might be sarcastic. At the time it was written, the Industrial revolution was happening and the chimneys of most factories would be blurting smoke for most hours of the day, and even if they had stopped over night the remnants of months of coal burning would not dissipate within 8 hours. Also to describe London as calming is a little far fetched. London is the heart of the United Kingdom, a port and an important centre of commerce. It is near impossible for us to imagine it as calm even in The beauty of the morning; Wordsworths most famous works are dedicated to the beauty of the awe-inspiring lake district, so it is not hard to imagine he could have been shocked and repulsed by London. Upon Westminster Bridge sets off on the word Earth this could mean that London was the centre of the commercial world, and that at the same time was the best place on Earth to be. This could be another example of sarcasm due to London being half-built during the revolution. Its face meaning though is to start the poem off as a harmony of nature and architecture. The first line shows Wordsworths typical naturalistic view upon the city, as he relates with many of his other poems. He was an early romantic poet; he admired nature and natural form, his extreme idyllic view on London could be seen as sarcastic or ignorant. The second line is monosyllabic yet that doesnt have any relevant dynamic effect on the style of the poem. Dull is the first word that goes against the happier grain of the poem. It relates a feeling of miserableness and boredom, and could be seen to insult the reader that doesnt agree with his poem, as he would have a dull, soul, and an unopened, insensitive mind. This could be a reason why many take the poem on face value, because no one would want a dull soul as the poem suggests. The end of the line uses enjambment to connect the second line to the third. This line creates imagery; the word sight implies our soul would be touched by London. Majesty is a powerful word, exaggerating the overall romantic theme of the poem and an overview of England as a powerful and unique nation with high status in the world. Line 4 uses a simile and personification to make the city seem as one single body, wearing the beauty of the morning, possibly as a disguise to cover the corrupt people it houses. Wordsworth is viewing the city in the morning, when the city would be very quiet and peaceful. Wordsworth was also standing on Westminster Bridge; from which he had a higher, isolated view over the scene of London. At dawn, London would be showered with the golden light of the sun, the river would appear to gleam and the un-crowded streets would be filled with crisp air. The ground would be covered with dew, all idealistically perfect compared to the reality that within one hour of his view, the streets would awake and the whole scene would change. Blake had a completely different viewpoint on London, his first line opens with a romantic wander through the chartered streets, this is a contrast, he himself whilst romantic and free thinking, is in a city governed by rules, entrapments and corruption. He then repeats this idea in the next line with the chartering of the themes, contrary to Wordsworths gliding river, this implies that London is overpowering nature. He then alliterates marks 3 times to give an exaggeration of the theme of suffering. Every from the 3rd line is then repeated in the second stanza to generalise everyone as saddened, depressed and constricted. Blakes poem is different to Wordsworths in its entirety. Blake is describing from a low viewpoint, in the streets between the dirty houses, at about 10:30 at night, with a serious, constricted and darkened theme. Wordsworths is from a higher viewpoint on the bridge, at about 5:30 in the morning with not many people about with a happy, elated theme. The techniques, each use to create these effects are also different, Wordsworth uses a typical romantic style sonnet, and both Poems use their structure to emphasise the words in them. William Blakes London is written in four, four line stanzas. Each line of each verse has the same number of syllables; this creates a regimented, almost mechanical effect. It uses alternate line rhyming to make the poem sound regular and accentuates the last word of each line. Each verse of the Blake poem attacks a different aspect of London. It is clear that Blake found London a very corrupt and immoral place. Whereas in contrast Wordsworths poem is written in the form of an Italian sonnet the octave of which describes the man made elements of the city, the last sextet refers to natural beauty. This poem also uses alternate line rhyming to create the effect of order. It is written in prose using iambic pentameter. This device brings attention to emphasise the meaning of the rhyming words. William Blakes poem conveys his feelings in a more abstract style, when he uses the people and buildings of London to represent the institutions which they are associated with. He uses the image of a church to criticise religious establishments and a palace to signify the state, and authorities that control it. He gives the image of the soldiers sigh running in blood down palace walls. Here he is attacking the monarchy and government for condemning young men to death by sending them off to fight in foreign wars. He uses hyperbole to criticise London and the sadness and malice of the people who live there. Blakes London brutally painted is a dark, dirty, disease ridden and deprived place Unlike the Wordsworth poem it leaves you in no doubt as to the authors feelings on the subject. In the last verse of Blakes, it gives us his time scale; midnight, and he shows us the corruption of innocence, with youthful harlots. The last stanza accentuates the uncleanness of the area, how London was plagued with diseases and how life in the slums of the city is very short. It may be an example of the typical life of people in London. With children being the product of prostitution and sexual promiscuity, the children are then raised in a poor, unhygienic even uneducated area then marry and die due to blights and diseases. Marriage is supposed to be a happy occasion, but here it shows to be an institution, which carries people to their deathbeds. This may be due to sexually transmitted diseases, which were ravaging through the population at the time. Blakes entire poem is blunt and to the point, describing what was going on and that he was unhappy about it and the fact that people were ignoring it. Wordsworths poem is far less melodramatic than Blakes, it is a snapshot in time of London in the morning, with no look at the types of people who live there, or of their pasts and futures. Blakes overall poem display a message of sadness and disgust towards London, its monarchy and the authorities housed there. I think that the style of Wordsworth is very ineffective at relating his like for London as it seems to almost be sucking up to Londons builders and rulers and so it does not provoke strong feelings or thoughts. Even if the reader acknowledges there is sarcasm in the style, it still does not show accurately the problems of London or that anything should be done about it. Blakes poem on the other hand is very effective at relating his own feelings towards the city, and of provoking our own so that we are appalled by the conditions and mistreatment people were forced to live with at the time he wrote this. I prefer Blakes poem because the atmosphere he builds, through his phrases and his technique, is far more powerful than the atmosphere Wordsworth attempted to make. It is far more descriptive and flows more poetically than Wordsworths and I believe he was overall a better writer.

Nozicks Theories of Justice Analysis

Nozicks Theories of Justice Analysis Introduction Robert Nozick gained fame as a leading American philosopher thanks to the success of his 1974 book, Anarchy, State, and Utopia. The books endeavours to further explore the anti-consequentialist elements that have been discussed by John Rawls in his book, A Theory of Justice. Nozick has identified the best tool with which to gauge state action is its respect for individual rights. For this reason, a minimal state, according to Nozick, is the only legitimate state considering its key role in protecting various individual rights, including the right to life, the right to own property, and liberty. Nozick endeavours to refute the anarchists claim by way of demonstrating how a minimal state might come about without infringing on individual rights. Nozick has also endeavoured to restore interest in the idea that individual rights are a key element of the political theory by considering the political philosophy of libertarianism. The premise of this essay is to argue that Nozicks minimal st ate is unjust by exploring counter-arguments to it, such as by Rawls. Nozicks libertarianism Libertarianism advocates for the need to limit role of state in societal issues, basically to national defence, police protection, as well as how courts of law are governed. In his libertarianism philosophy, Nozick argues that all other tasks that the modern government is charged with, such as social insurance, welfare, and education, ought to be taken over by charities, religious organisations, and by private institutions. In this case, Nozick contends that the private institutions should essentially operate in a free market. Many libertarians depend on sociological and economic considerations in defending their position namely, the innate processes that could trigger inefficiency and incompetence in state bureaucracies, as well as the advantages of market competition. They also cite the poor record of government in addressing such specific issues as pollution and poverty. While Nozick seeks to endorse such arguments, he, nonetheless, assumes a moral position in defending libertarianism. Nozick is of the view that while there are practical benefits associated with liberalism, its profound respect for individual rights is by far the strongest. Nozicks libertarianism is largely based on his entitlement theory which states that if a person has acquired a property justly, he/she has the right to own it. In the event that a person possesses a property that has been obtained through unjust means such a property should be subjected to the compensation and rectification processes. Nozick further opines that where an individual is entitled to own a property, denying them the right to own it against their will amounts to an injustice. A minimal state emerges from Nozicks state of nature. Such a state, according to Nozick, cannot pry into peoples lives, and neither can it force them into surrendering what they justly own. The minimal state, therefore, only protec ts the individual against being forced to enter into a contract, fraud, as well as theft. On account of the entitlement theory, the state has no right to coerce its citizens into forfeiting property that rightfully belongs to them so that the proceeds can be used to funding government programmes which the state views as constituting the common good. As such, while people are likely to contribute towards the support of various schemes out of their own volition, the state cannot forcibly tax them with the goal of funding public education, providing for the  poor or public goods, among others. Nozick strong claims about rights Nozick is convinced that a key function of political philosophy is to refute the claim made by the anarchist to the effect that no state is legitimate. Given his focus on moral rights, Nozick argued in favour of a minimal state that preserved moral rights. Mulgan is opposed to the moral right of a minimal state that Nozick speaks in favour of, arguing that they are the only legal means of enabling a state to exercise its legal and political rights. Nozick is of the view that the society that emerges from a minimal state boasts of a capitalist economy, as well as a free market. Accordingly, such a society fulfils the requirements of a free society. A state that exceeds these requirements would be morally unacceptable seeing as it would contravene rights. In defending the minimal state, Nozick stretched a history that traced the origin of a minimal state from a state of nature with no rights having been violated. His was hypothetical, as opposed to actual history, which indicated the e mergence of a minimal state through just means. The libertarian perspective recognises individuals as possessing rights. As such, when other people do certain things to them, this amount to a violation of their individual rights. The reason why these rights are natural is because we have them based on what they are as opposed to having received them from someone. Nozick states that stating we have rights is different from explaining why we have rights. In a bid to draw this important distinction, Nozick makes use of the second formulation of Categorical Imperative that Immanuel Kant popularised namely, that one should act in such a manner as to treat humanity as an end, as opposed to treating humanity as a means. Kant was of the view that humans are rational by nature and that they possess dignity. Accordingly, humans should be treated with dignity. It is this dignity that hinders other people from using us, implying that humans have rights against use of this nature. Nozick opines that human rights act as side-constraints, and this has a limiting effect on what other people (the state included) may do to us. Nozick further opines that humans cannot trade their rights in exchange for something of benefit. For instance, pursuing a little more wealth or happiness is not sufficient grounds for contravening an individuals rights. According to Nozick, people are inviolable, implying that they ought not to be used to meet certain ends if doing so is against their will. Nozick has relied on this argument while developing his self-ownership principle. Nozick opines that because an individual owns his/herself, they thus have a right to do with themselves what they deem pleasing. Since nobody else owns us and we do not own them, each one of us has his/her individual rights to themselves and what is in their possession. In other words, we have rights against violations by other people, including theft, enslavement, and the rights to have access to such services as education and healthcare, and the right to own property through just means. Wilt Chamberlain unjust and just distributions In his Wilt Chamberlain argument, Nozick endeavoured to highlight his claim against the idea of distributive justice. In this case, Nozick tries to show that patterned ideologies of distributive justice are not attuned with freedom. His argument is thus an attempt at depicting justice in transfer. Chamberlain is a famous basketball player and some of his fans willingly pay money to watch him play basketball. Consequently, Chamberlain benefits from a huge amount of cash. Nozick contends that he sees nothing wrong with an individual disposing of his or her resources, on condition that this is done willingly. Nozick further intimates that he sees nothing wrong with distribution borne out of voluntary transactions. The Wilt Chamberlain argument is therefore an attempt by Nozick to demonstrate that voluntary exchange as evidenced by basketball fans willingly paying to see Chamberlain play is okay. Nozick does not see anything wrong with transactions of this nature. The outcome of this transfer is that Chamberlain ends up with more than he did previously. Again, Nozick sees nothing wrong with such an outcome. Nozick contends that when individuals willingly dispose of resources, this ends up upsetting patterns. Assuming, for instance, that a utility maximising pattern had been established in society prior to the basketball fans opting to watch Chamberlain play and this pattern is not maximised nay more after the transfers of the transactions have been made to Chamberlain, Nozick argue that it would be unreasonable to try and forcefully go back to such a pattern through state action. Nozick argues that Liberty upsets patterns , and goes on to indicate that it would be unfair to attempt to reinstate a pattern that has been destabilised by intentional transfer. The most important thing for Nozick is entitlement. For the reason that individuals obtain holdings due to other individuals having relinquished holdings either in exchange for certain services or goods (for example, watching Chamberlain play) or due to charitable donations, then the individual who receives such holdings has a claim to them since they have been transferred voluntarily. Similarly, Nozick contends that free transfer will agitate any end-state theory, such as ensuring that everyone has an equal share to the holdings. This is based on the understanding that provided that individuals are able to transfer property without restraint and based on their needs, such as end-state shall shortly be upset. Any attempt to restore such an end state through forceful means would amount to a contravention of i ndividual entitlement rights. Critics to Nozicks argument on Chamberlain contend that Chamberlain holds no absolute rights to this new holding and that a portion of this new income could be subjected to taxation under legitimate means in order that the amount taxed may help fund crucial societal projects. Regarding this, Cohen further contends that redistributive claims of third parties, and more so the very poor, may lawfully change following a change in the comprehensive distribution in society since what is in possession of third parties is reliant on what others possess, in addition to the comprehensive distribution in society. It is also likely hat the intuitive petition that Nozick links to his Wilt Chamberlain argument might actually fail to attract universal recognition. Many critics are of the opinion that there could be considerable instinctive entreat towards arguments that endeavour to demonstrate a basis for the provision of support for persons unable to fend for themselves, in preference to towards the instinctive petition to permit Chamberlain to hold onto all the money emanating from voluntary transactions. A review of Nozicks Wilt Chamberlain argument indicates that it may not be appealing without firth accepting his moral intuitions and entitlement theory. Three Principles of Justice Nozick recognises three principles of justice, which are essential to his entitlement theory. They are: just acquisition; just transfer; and just rectification. Nozick is of the view that the just acquisition principle gives an individual the freedoms to acquire any holdings that they wish to obtain, provided that such property has not been acquired by fraudulent means, through forceful means, or via theft. Nozick further maintains that the principle of just transfer allows an individual to exchange property in their possession provided that there is no further transfer of the same property by force, theft or fraud. These two principles underscore the transfer and acquisition of goods through legitimate means. Conversely, Nozick opines that the principle of just rectification seeks to correct violations of the principles of just acquisition and just transfer. Distributive justice, according to Nozick, involves ensuring that goods end up with those who found them or made them, or those who acquire them from others via an agreement that is, selling or buying of goods. All other means of owning goods are not legitimate, on the basis of a moral position. This hinges on the premise that all other means of owning goods entails forcing people to give goods to others, and this contravenes the general libertarian principle that Nozick contends is the most basic moral principle. However, where an individual has acquired goods by assassination, theft, or fraud, Nozick urges that it is important that the just rectification principle is pursued. This principle is especially useful in a case whereby a person has been involved in unjust transfers, or where there is original acquisition of a good. The principle endeavours to establish what might have transpired in the event that the unjust transfer/acquisition had not taken place. The principle further demands the implementation of measures like compensation or restitution with the goal of enabling the victim go back to the condition she or he would have been had the injustice not happened. Finally, the principle does not approve compensatory processes that could be infringe on individual rights of third-parties who are not connected with the property being transferred or acquired. Nozick is of the view that execution of the principle of rectification is crucial in setting up the legitimacy of all property by examining justice in the acquisition and transfer of such property, and the likely compensation that the victims ought to receive should it be established that they have been the victims of injustices. Most critics of liberalism complain that it permits too little government. Specifically, they argue on the need for a more-than-minimal state to aid in the realisation of distributive justice. Rawls maintains that the state should partake in redistributive taxation as a means of ensuring that income and wealth is distributed fairly in the society. This is a position that Nozick is opposed to, going by his entitlement theory of justice Rawls offers opposing views of legitimate state power to those offered by Nozick. Rawls maintains that the state ought to possess the powers it needs to see to it that the least well-off citizens become well-off. Such a viewpoint is rooted in his theory of justice. A key principle to this theory holds that the only time when unequal distribution of income and wealth becomes unacceptable is in case individuals at the bottom becomes well off that is likely to be the case under any other form of distribution. Nozick is opposed to such arguments, indicating that they rely on a false ideation of distributive justice. Rawls is opposed to utilitarianism as it could allow an unjust distribution of burdens and benefits. Unlike Nozick, Rawls is of the view that social justice encompasses the fundamental structure of society, as opposed to transactions between individuals. Rawls also intimates that justice demands that there be a minimisation of economic and social outcomes of arbitrarily distributed goods. Conclusion Nozicks is not just. Nozick views the voluntary transactions among individuals that act forms the foundation for justice, rather than the distribution itself. If at all Nozicks Wilt Chamberlain argument is to be regarded as being valid, we must first accept his entitlement theory. The allegations of third parties not partaking in any transactions could legitimately change following changes in distribution in society. Although the Wilt Chamberlain argument holds instinctive appeal, arguments that endeavour to support the very needy are likely to possess even stronger intuitive appeal. The principle of rectification as popularised by Nozick, along with the principle of compensation that is linked to it, are difficult to apply, and this could justify universal supply of opportunity and sustenance. Even the pettiest claims ought to be considered in the minimal state as they are vital for poor people. The principle of compensation could fall short of upholding rights as virtually anything may be done. Nozick fails to acknowledge the crucial role of political power in a minimal state, just like in any other state. While Nozick urges that charity could aid in the acquisition of social goods, such an argument is inadequate charities lacks the means or resources to undertake important schemes, such as in healthcare or education.

Investigating The Style And Te :: essays research papers

“On the Road'; by Jack Kerouac is a fresh and captivating novel which follows the life of Sal Paradise as he sets to the roads of America to escape the repetition of every day life. His journeys become a quest for new experiences and a new way of living, crossing both moral and legal boundaries in search for true freedom. Kerouac uses many techniques to attempt to convey the theme of personal freedom as well as to achieve freedom of expression. Jack Kerouac applies an original, spontaneous style of writing to his novels which helps him to convey his themes. His brilliant use of imagery and his vibrant characterisations also allows him to easily express his feelings and ideas in a way that could not have been achieved otherwise. One aspect of “On the Road'; which allows Kerouac to express the theme of personal freedom is use of a spontaneous method of writing. This method creates a free flowing rhythm and structure, which emphasises the theme of personal freedom due to it’s loose style and ability to capture the true feelings of the author as he writes. This original style was used by Kerouac in order subconsciously to express the thoughts of the mind in a continually flowing way without the constraints of the traditional rules of writing. Kerouac stated that when writing using this method one must “never afterthink to improve or defray impressions'; because “the best writing is always wrung-out';, “tossed from cradle';, from “the song of yourself.'; Text written in this original way effectively conveys the emotion and energy of the author as well as allowing the reader to empathise greatly with the story. “On the Road'; is written entirely using the “spontaneous prose'; technique. An example of this is the final paragraph in the novel. It contains only one long sentence seperated by many commas and conveys the natural spontaneous thoughts of the main character, Sal Paradise, as he thinks of his old friend, Dean Moriarty: “So in America when the sun goes down and I sit on the old-broken down river pier watching the long, long skies over new New Jersey and sense all that raw land that rolls in one bulge over to the West Coast, and all that road going...all the people dreaming in the immensity of it...and tonight the stars’ll be out, and don’t you know that God is Pooh Bear?

Are Americans Starving To Death Education Essay

Food insecurity is defined as non ever holding entree to enough nutrient for active, healthy life Seccombe, 2007. America is thought of as a rich and comfortable state and many people would ne'er believe that there is a hunger issue. But, the U.S. authorities spends near to $ 1 trillion a twelvemonth supplying money, nutrient, lodging, and medical attention to hapless and low-income households. Of the $ 1 trillion, approximately $ 111 billion is spent on nutrient entirely ( Kozak, 2012 ) . It is normally thought that the jobs associated with hungriness are confined to certain countries of the state or certain vicinities, but that is non the instance. Right now, 1000000s of people all over America are fighting with hungriness. It ‘s clip for people to go educated about the causes and possible solutions of hungriness in America.Historical Background of the issueFolklore from the in-between ages frequently echoed the problems of the people ‘s day-to-day lives, which included hungriness. In these narratives kids of households that could non afford to maintain them were left to roll in the wood and if the kids found a faery their first want was on a regular basis nutrient ( Weill, 2012 ) . It has been thought throughout history that most Americans lead lives of luxury. That is n't difficult to believe since films and telecasting shows portray America as a civilization of wealths. Conversations about utmost hungriness and poorness have about vanished from popular civilization and the society as a whole ( Weill, 2012 ) . Hunger and nutrient insecurity are the consequences of old ages of workplace favoritism, deficient authorities assistance, and other economic jobs. The recession had a big negative impact on hungriness issue in America. â€Å" From 1999 to 2007, the economic system grew, but most benefits of growing went to the flush. Food insecurity rose from 10.1 per centum in 1999 to 11.1 per centum of families in 2007 † ( Weill, 2012 ) . A survey conducted by the USDA shows that in 2005, approximately 12 per centum of Americans ( 35 million people ) were unable to set nutrient on the tabular array at least portion of the twelvemonth, and that 11 million people reported traveling hungry on juncture ( 12 Percentage, 2006 ) . Throughout history hungriness has continued to be a job in America, from the earliest colonists to modern twenty-four hours households, seting nutrient on the tabular array is an issue that impacts many people.The Prevalence and Seriousness of the IssueIn 2007 the per centum of nutrient insecure families in America was 11.1 per centum ( Lewis and Burd-Sharps, 2010 ) . In 2011, a sum of 50.1 million Americans lived in nutrient insecure families. Of the 50.1 million, 33.5 million were grownups and 16.7 million were kids ( Feeding America, 2012 ) . Every county in America is affected by nutrient insecurity. Steele County, ND has the lowest per centum of nutrient insecure families, while Holmes County, MS has the highest per centum of nutrient insecure families ( Feeding America, 2012 ) . In one of the richest states on Earth, there are still those without adequate to eat.The Impact of the Issue on FamiliesIn nutrient insecure households each member is affected. Young kids from nutrient insecure households frequently have reduced societal and cognitive development, along with more wellness jobs and high hospitalization rates. School-age kids are most frequently affected by nutrient insecurity in their school public presentation. Math and reading tonss are normally lower than other kids ‘s, they besides have a harder clip paying attending in category, and frequently move out. Among adolescents, nutrient insecurity is associated with self-destructive ideas and depression ( Chilton and Rabinowich, 2010 ) . Even moderate nutrient insecurity has an impact on people. Pregnant adult females that do n't hold proper nutrition addition the hazard of certain birth defects and low baby birth weight. Very immature kids with bad nutrition due to chair nutrient insecurity can be stunted in their growing and have delayed cognitive development. Overall, kids that suffer from nutrient insecurity are most affected in their physical and cognitive growing, doing them to dawdle behind their equals and larn less ( Weill, 2012 ) . Adults that suffer from nutrient insecurity are frequently less productive and have poorer wellness. Adult hungriness besides harms kids. When grownups go hungry to protect kids the ensuing emphasis and depression, non merely harms the grownups, but besides the impacts that kids ‘s mental wellness and schooling ( Weill, 2012 ) . Hunger in America impacts the lives of kids and grownups. Their mental, physical and emotional wellness are greatly affected by the deficiency of nutrition and the emphasis of non holding plenty nutrient.Pro and Con Sides of the IssueThree â€Å" Key Players † Who Influence and are in Support of the IssueAuxiliary Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , the Particular Auxiliary Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children plan ( WIC ) , and the National School Lunch plan are the three chief plans that influence the hungriness state of affairs in America ( Weill, 2012 ) . The state ‘s largest nutrition plan is SNAP and the figure of people utilizing this plan is increasing each twelvemonth. In 2000 there was an norm of 17.2 million people profiting from SNAP each month, in 2008 that figure jumped to an norm of 28 million people per month ( Weill, 2012 ) . WIC is another federal aid plan that works to conflict the hunger issue in America. The people that benefit from WIC are low income pregnant adult females, suckling adult females and kids under the age of five. The services provided through WIC are auxiliary nutrient, expression, nutrition instruction, entree to healthcare and other societal services ( USDA, 2012 ) . The National School Lunch Program ( NSLP ) is a federally aided repast plan that helps feed school kids. NSLP operates in public and non-profit-making private schools. This plan provides nutritionally balanced, low-priced or free tiffins to measure uping kids each school twenty-four hours ( USDA, 2012 ) . These three plans, along with other nutrient aid plans, work to conflict the issue of hungriness in America.Three Key Players Who are in Opposition of the IssueAlthough there are many plans and organisations that work to cut down the figure of households traveling hungry, there are people who do non believe that hungriness is an issue at all in America. Census Bureau information is the chief grounds for people in resistance of the hungriness issue. In 2009 the Census Bureau reported that of the about 50 million Americans classified as hapless the bulk said that they did n't travel hungry. Many of the parents classified as hapless ( 96 % to be exact ) said their kids were ne'er hungr y in 2009. An even more surprising statistic is that 82 % of hapless grownups said they were ne'er hungry at any clip in 2009 due to a deficiency of nutrient or money ( Kozak, 2012 ) . In the 2010-11 school twelvemonth, about 373,000 kids in Wisconsin received free school tiffins. The disagreement with this information is that there are nowhere near 373,000 childs in Wisconsin that come from households that live below the poorness line. This information suggests that households are taking advantage of the school tiffin plan and that middle-class and upper-middle-class childs that do non measure up for free school tiffins are eating tiffin at taxpayer disbursal ( Kozak, 2012 ) .The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Key Player ‘s PositionsThe organisations in support of the hungriness issue in America have many strengths in their place. They have used the statistics from metropoliss, counties and provinces from around the state to understand that hunger state of affairs. From that information they have formed plans specifically created for the most prevailing state of affairss, such as, households populating under the poorness line, pregnant female parents, and k ids. The failings of the protagonists of the hungriness state of affairs in America are chiefly that they do n't look to be decreasing the issue. As many statistics have shown over the old ages, the figure of households with nutrient insecurity have increased, non decreased. The people in resistance to the hungriness issue in America have several strengths to their place. There is grounds that hungriness may non be as large of an issue among the hapless as antecedently believed. The statistics about hapless households describing that they do n't travel hungry is one of the chief strengths. The failing of the resistance ‘s statement is that the ground why the hapless are describing that they do n't travel hungry is frequently because they are having nutrient aid. Without the nutrient aid they would most probably go hungry and the resistance would hold no grounds.Are their Arguments Converting?Both the supportive groups and the opposing groups have reasonably convincing statements. Both sides have statistical grounds to back up their claims and are able to explicate why they are right. The chief ground why the opposing group ‘s statements are less convincing is that their statistical grounds could be proven false if the people interviewed were having nutrient aid. For case, the people that report non traveling hungry in 2009 may be able to state that because of auxiliary nutrient plans.DecisionsCurrent Laws that have been passed in Regards to the IssueThe National School Lunch Act was signed into jurisprudence in 1946 by President Harry Truman. This jurisprud ence created the National School Lunch Program that provides low-cost or free tiffins for kids. Another jurisprudence that was passed is the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010. This jurisprudence authorizes funding for the USDA ‘s nucleus kid nutrition plans ( USDA, 2012 ) . A 3rd jurisprudence passed is the Food Stamp Act of 1964 which authorized a nutrient cast plan to allow low income families to have benefits.Are these Laws Helping or Worsening the Situation?These Torahs have helped many single people to non travel hungry, but overall they have non made a immense dent in the figure of people with an deficient sum of nutrient. The figure of people on nutrient aid plans is lifting each twelvemonth and shows that more and more people need aid. These plans are maintaining people from hungering, but they are non assisting change by reversal the procedure so they can feed themselves. Fraud is a major job with many of these plans. Many people will have the benefits of nutrient aid when they do n't really necessitate it or even use multiple times. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo are presently at odds over whether to go on an anti-fraud effort to fingerprint receivers. Mayor Bloomberg believes that fingerprinting receivers will salvage 1000000s of taxpayer dollars by maintaining people from using for aid multiple times. However, Mr. Cuomo believes that coercing the receivers to be fingerprinted stigmatizes them and will maintain hungry kids from eating ( Kozak, 2012 ) .The Future of this Issue and my Prediction of What will Happen in 20 old ages from Now in Regards to the IssueI do n't see this issue being resolved anytime shortly. There are so many other issue that are tied in with hungriness that they would all hold to be solved before hungriness was wholly extinguished in America. I do non believe that the issue will diminish in the following 20 old ages because at that place seems to be a turning tendency of the figure of people necessitating to utilize nutrient aid plans.Changes or Improvements I would urge for the Direction of this IssueTo stop hunger both authorities intercession and single engagement would be needed ( Mariana and Rabinowich, 2010 ) . If a full-time lower limit pay occupation wages excessively small to run into a household ‘s basic demands, improved nutrient cast and school repasts plans can cut down enduring but will non stop hungriness. To alter the figure of hungry people in America the state must increase the incomes of as many households as possible to above the poorness line. To carry through this the federal lower limit pay would necessitate to be increased, along bettering unemployment insurance, child support recovery, and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families plan ( TANF ) ( Weill, 2012 ) . Overall, to better the issue of hungriness in America, I would go on to supply nutrient aid, but I would besides work to assist households go self-sufficing.

Why Political Polarization Has Gone Wild Example

Why Political Polarization Has Gone Wild Example Why Political Polarization Has Gone Wild – Coursework Example Memorandum July 25, Daily Editor RE: Political Polarization in the Media Polarization from both sides of the political spectrum has reached what some believe is a critical mass of uncompromising purists. Fareed Zakaria cites a number of examples present both in the government and among activitists that support the observation of increasing polarization between liberals and conservatives1.One of these examples is non-partisan redistricting, which is a theory that if districts in the House are changed such that each party has safe seats, there will be less polarization between the parties on Capitol Hill. Unfortunately, political polarization happens moreso on radio waves and in town hall meetings.One might argue that we should all be disappointed without politicians for pandering, but ultimately, in a democracy, our politicians are representatives of the people. It is not the politicians who cause their supporters to be more extreme; rather, it is the other way around. There is a reas on why the people who elect Congressmen to their seats are called â€Å"the base.†Without 24-hour media, there would not be such an extreme response to certain policy discussions and, in turn, our politicians would not be driven to such extreme rhetoric on the House floor, if they knew no one was paying attention. But a constant attention to the activities and ideologies of our politicians encourages them, out of a desire to keep their jobs, to pander to their base.The media, including newspapers, play a key role in this. By focusing solely on the extreme elements in order to keep people reading and watching, the media feeds a consumer demand for polarized politics: a soap opera playing out on the evening news. This is what Fareed Zakaria refers to as â€Å"narrowcast†. Certain radio programs and news networks come to be read only by individuals with particular ideological dispositions. Instead of appealing to a general audience with objective information, media twists information in a way that they can sell the best.So, how does a media institution like a newspaper play a role in fixing excessively adversarial politics? It can start by taking the facts of reality and presenting them to the whole world in an objective and socially responsible way. Rather than focusing on the small dramas of political debates, a newspaper can present the whole picture and allow its readers to decide. The media plays a crucial role in keeping voters informed in our democracy. If the media defaults on its responsibility, then our system of governance will not be far behind.

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them A baluster has come to be known as any vertical brace (often a decorative post) between an upper and lower horizontal railing. The purposes of the baluster  (pronounced BAL-us-ter) include safety, support, and beauty. Staircases and porches often have rails of balusters called balustrades.   A balustrade is a row of repeating balusters, similar to a colonnade being a row of columns. What we call a balustrade today is historically a decorative extension of the Classical Greek colonnade on a smaller scale. The invention of the balustrade is generally thought to be a feature of Renaissance architecture. One example is the balustrade of the 16th century Basilica St. Peters at the Vatican. Todays balusters are constructed of wood, stone, concrete, plaster, cast iron or other metal, glass, and plastics. Balusters can be rectangular or turned (i.e., shaped on a lathe). Today any decorative patterned grille or cutout (patterned after the Roman lattice) between railings are referred to as balusters. Balusters as architectural details are found in homes, mansions, and public buildings, inside and outside. The Baluster Shape: Balustrade (pronounced BAL-us-trade) has come to mean any series of vertical bracings between rails, including spindles and simple posts. The word itself reveals a certain design intention. Baluster is really a shape, coming from the Greek and Latin words for a wild pomegranate flower. Pomegranates are ancient fruits indigenous to the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Asia, which is why you find the baluster shape in these areas of the world. Having hundreds of seeds, pomegranates also have long been symbols of fertility, so when ancient civilizations decorated their architecture with objects from nature (e.g., the top of a Corinthian column is decorated with acanthus leaves), the shapely baluster was a good decorative choice. What we call the baluster shape was depicted in pottery and jugs and wall carving in many parts of the world from the earliest civilizations- the potters wheel was invented around 3,500 BC, so wheel-turned shapely water jugs and baluster vases were more easily produced- but the baluster was not used in architecture until thousands of years later, during the Renaissance. After the Middle Ages, from roughly 1300 until 1600, a new interest in Classical design was reborn, including the baluster design. Architects like Vignola, Michelangelo, and Palladio incorporated the baluster design into Renaissance architecture, and today balusters and balustrades are considered the architectural detail itself. In fact, our common word banister is a corruption or mispronunciation of baluster. Preservation of Balustrades: Exterior balustrades are obviously more susceptible to decay and deterioration than interior balustrades. Proper design, manufacturing, installation, and regular maintenance are keys to their preservation. The US General Services Administration (GSA) defines balustrade by its components, consisting of the handrail, footrail and balusters. The handrail and footrail are joined at the ends to a column or post.   The balusters are vertical members that connect the rails. Wooden balustrades are subject to deterioration for a number of reasons, including exposed end grain from the manufacturing process and butt joints that are prone to moisture. Regular inspection and maintenance of a well-designed balustrade are the keys to continued care and preservation. A wooden balustrade in proper condition is rigid and free from decay, the GSA reminds us. It is designed with sloping surfaces to repel water and has properly caulked, tight joints. Exterior cast stone (i.e., concrete) balusters will have moisture problems if not designed and installed properly and if not routinely inspected. Balusters come in many shapes and sizes, and the quality of construction and thickness of the balusters neck may affect its integrity. The variables involved in manufacture are considerable, and it is wise to use a firm with experience in ornamental and custom work rather than a precast concrete firm which manufactures stock structural items, suggests preservationist Richard Pieper. The Case for Preservation: So, why preserve balustrades in public buildings or on your own home? Why not just cover them up, encase them in metal or plastic and protect them from environmental hazards? Balustrades and railings are not only practical and safety features, write preservationist John Leeke and architectural historian Aleca Sullivan, they typically are highly visible decorative elements. Unfortunately, balustrades and balusters are frequently altered, covered, removed or completely replaced even though in most cases they can be repaired in a cost-effective manner. Routine cleaning, patching, and painting will preserve all kinds of balustrades. Replacement should be a last resort only. To preserve historic fabric, the repair of old balustrades and railings is always the preferred approach, Leeke and Sullivan remind us. A broken baluster usually is one in need of repair, not replacement. Sources: Baluster, Illustrated Architecture Dictionary, Buffalo Architecture and History; Classical Comments: Balusters by Calder Loth, Senior Architectural Historian for the Virginia Department of Historic Resources; Securing An Exterior Wooden Balustrade, U.S. General Services Administration, November 5, 2014; Removing And Replacing Deteriorated Cast Stone Balusters, U.S. General Services Administration, December 23, 2014; Preserving Historic Wood Porches by Aleca Sullivan and John Leeke, National Park Service, October 2006; The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of Historic Cast Stone by Richard Pieper, National Park Service, September 2001 [accessed December 18, 2016]

history3 essays

history3 essays Africa is the world's second-largest continent, the biggest after Asia. It is more than three times the size of the U. States. It also contains more independent nations than any other continent on Earth-55 in all. Africa is centrally located on the Earth's surface. It straddles the Equator, extending for thousands of miles north and sough of that line. The continent stands between two major oceans. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean and to the east lies the Indian Ocean. The Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the I have 10 different opion on the most common stereotypes about Africa. For the Climate of Africa they said it is hot and dry, for most vegetation they said grassy lands, for most common animal in Africa people said monkeys, African common skin color black, Africans do for living they said herding and farming, types of family Africans live in extended, most common religion in Africa are catholic, common language spoken in Africa is English, civilization white people, government of African countries are democratic, and the biggest problem in Africa today is hunger. These are the results of my CLIMATE: Because of its size, almost every type of climate and vegetation can be found in Africa. The largest climate zone in Africa is the tropical climate with a wet and dry season. The savanna, a grassland, occupied this region, which covers almost half the continent. Like the tropical rain forest, the tropical savanna region is warm all year. In the summer, or rainy season, the climate is hot and wet. In winter it is warm, with little POPULATION: Today the population of Africa is approaching 680 million and is growing rapidly. Population growth has created problems in the drier parts of the savanna. During times of plentiful rainfall, people seeking land move into these semiarid ...

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example As a result it is at times difficult to understand the need for additional programs which are labeled as promising programs. These programs do not have the established record of delinquency prevention that the model programs do and must rely on data that is not always based in success but in the potential for success. The National Gang Center defines a promising program as the following. â€Å"Level 3 programs display a strong theoretical base and have been demonstrated to prevent delinquency and other child and youthful problems or to reduce risk factors or enhance protective factors using limited research methods (with at least single-group pretreatment and post treatment measurements). The programs in this category appear promising but must be confirmed using more rigorous scientific techniques. The main reason is that a control group is not required in the research design.† (Programs) Some of the available programs range from community based rehabilitation programs to prev ention based educational programs. The benefits of working programs are readily quantifiable however; they still must be proven to become model programs for future approaches. The process by which programs become model programs can be plagued with research problems as each researcher tends to have varying views as to what works and what does not.

GPS and Telecommunications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GPS and Telecommunications - Essay Example GPS is a system composed of 24 satellites rotating around at 12,000 feet. The system allows the user to determine the location of something in precise manner. A GPS system can achieve precision within 5 meters. When it was invented in 1978 the system was utilized for military applications. Three satellites allow the creation of 2D images, but when four satellites interlock the user can achieve 3D images (8garnin, 2009). The best attribute that of GPS technology is that its users do not have to pay a penny to gain access to the technology. The fact that GPS is an open source allowed companies to exploit the technology to gain profits. GPS has changed the lives of people around the world. Mobile technology is segment in the communication industry that has benefit a lot. GPS receptor system used to be, but a days a cellular telephone can be converted automatically into a GPS device that allows a person to exactly where he is even if the person is in moving vehicle. A lot of new vehicles come with a GPS as standard feature which allows the driver lo look road maps in and determine the best route to get to the desired location. The map guiding gaps application also applies to mobile phone. The gaps communication capabilities have change the way companies do business. The retail giant Wal-Mart utilizes gps derived application such as radio frequency identification (RFID) in order to determine the location of items. Wal-Mart has the capability to determine the movement of valuable inventory while it is in transit and once it arrives at warehouses it allows the company to eliminate wastage in its supply chain function. Since their costs are lower the company is able to pass those savings on the customer. This example shows how improved communication systems application benefits a large group of people. Another way gps is helping people around the world is by its utilization in agricultural projects. Ground –based weather, plant stage

The common law and equity systems of jurisprudence Essay

The common law and equity systems of jurisprudence - Essay Example The other contribution of equity law was supplementation of common law with such concepts as injunctive relief, the trust and specific performance. The Chancellor implemented the policy of the Statute of Laborers and made decisions concerning occupational competency like negligent activity of carriers, builders, shepherds, etc. The inability of the common law to address damages due to faulty work resulted in the Chancellor’s competence in the issues of loss of wool, dead lambs, and damaged sheep. (Reilly) The majority of suits reviewed in equity court were disputes over land property involving family members. The case was initiated by the plaintiff who filed a bill of complaint which is a petition to the chancellor or an equity court. The answer followed from the defendant. The plaintiff continued with a replication while the defender answered with a rejoinder. This pleading process might continue further or may be finished a bill filing stage. In the equity court the main evidence was not an oral testimony but a written deposition based on interrogatories. (Wikipedia) The Chancellor performed the roles of both a judge and jury. So he had the right to decide cases without a jury. Unlike the common law, the Chancellor as a judge and often as a religious person relied on circumstances of cases and his conscience but not to a set of rules. Term "equitable claim" contains broad moral sense based upon general equitable considerations rather than a strict meaning of the claim involving consideration of principles of right and justice. (Equity)

Where does Curatorial Practice enter your own practice Essay

Where does Curatorial Practice enter your own practice - Essay Example Curatorial practice also helps people understand the history and origins of important materials. I am a marketer by profession, and since the advent of digital curation, a new dimension of curatorial practice has emerged in the marketing field. It is known as content curation, and it is one of the hottest areas of content marketing. It plays a vital role in accomplishing various objectives, depending on how, where and how organizations use it (Rosenbaum, 2011). While content marketing in the limited sense primarily revolves around identifying, developing and sharing content to achieve business goals and what customers want across the consumer life cycle, content curation is concerned with aggregation, finding, collecting relevant content and then presenting or sharing it to audiences in an optimized or targeted manner. Content curation is more than just about presenting all types of content that marketers stumble upon (Rosenbaum, 2011). It is mainly about doing it in a clever and audience-oriented way, by concentrating on specific topics an organization wants to curate content about. Some curation models even clearly center on community marketing objectives. Content curation is part of the overall content marketing

Engineering Challenges Assignment Part II Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering Challenges Part II - Assignment Example Carbon dioxide has been said to be the primary contributing factor towards global warming in the recent past. This is as a result of the growing burning of the fossil fuels for industrialization purposes. The challenge for engineers, in this case, is the capturing of the carbon dioxide produced by the burning of the fossil fuels and disposing of the gas out of the atmosphere. The chemical systems that already exist and can separate carbon dioxide in beverage carbonation for commercial purposes would require a greater economic input for this extraction in other industries. The separation of carbon dioxide from the oxygen and nitrogen as used in industries would mean that a restoration of the combustion process system in all industries which are economically feasible; would reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide capture, therefore, is not the significant challenge to the environment but its sequestration (Hoffert et al., 882). Research has shown that by the use of advanced methods of generating power by use of coal-gasification methods, would help in filtering out carbon dioxide by adding steam to produce hydrogen that is more environmental friendly. The discovery of the method on how to isolate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is a milestone for the environmental engineers in their quest for creating a better living environment. Industrialization and emission of the carbon dioxide are on the rise due to the industrial advancement and human curiosity. Carbon dioxide being on the rise has resulted in a boost in global average temperatures. If the carbon dioxide levels are not contained, their consequences will lead to disruption in the weather, rise in sea level and changes in agricultural production on the decline (Figueroa et al., 16). Engineers have conducted research on how to isolate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies - Essay Example Major changes have been elaborated to bring out the descriptive cause and effect based on the observations. The outcome of research ascertained that behavior and performance were affected by unethical haraam practices such as being late for work for no valid reasons, heavy drinking, taking long lunch hours, disrespect and anger when dealing with colleagues and even when addressing her seniors. These findings and results once tabled can be used by other employees as lessons to follow as well as for managers to devise strategies aimed at improving the performance of the most important asset in any organization which is the human resource (Muhammad, & Rehman, 2012). The employee in question has been referred to as an underperformer for his unsatisfactory work performance and failure to undertake her duties as per the standards required. Maryam Qureshi, has also been termed as an employee who did not comply with workplace rules, policies and procedures. In addition, she used to cause disruptive behaviour that impacted on the co-workers. Given the existing economic situations where businesses and profit making organizations are working hard to maximize profits, it is very crucial to make sure that employees respect their lines of duty. However, obtaining 100 percent of employee’s efficiency is not guaranteed as seen in the case study with Maryam. An underperforming worker can affect the bottom line of the company’s objectives, workplace morale, making other employees’ work look more difficult. Thus, the best thing to deal with such a case is to dismiss the staff in question. However to avoid running into legal problems, there are certain procedures that should be followed. For instance, in this case the management has to carry out a substantial performance review process so as to have a sufficient evidence to support the decision of firing Maryam (Burke, & Cooper, 2011). Maryam’s case does not look complicated since

Where does Curatorial Practice enter your own practice Essay

Where does Curatorial Practice enter your own practice - Essay Example Curatorial practice also helps people understand the history and origins of important materials. I am a marketer by profession, and since the advent of digital curation, a new dimension of curatorial practice has emerged in the marketing field. It is known as content curation, and it is one of the hottest areas of content marketing. It plays a vital role in accomplishing various objectives, depending on how, where and how organizations use it (Rosenbaum, 2011). While content marketing in the limited sense primarily revolves around identifying, developing and sharing content to achieve business goals and what customers want across the consumer life cycle, content curation is concerned with aggregation, finding, collecting relevant content and then presenting or sharing it to audiences in an optimized or targeted manner. Content curation is more than just about presenting all types of content that marketers stumble upon (Rosenbaum, 2011). It is mainly about doing it in a clever and audience-oriented way, by concentrating on specific topics an organization wants to curate content about. Some curation models even clearly center on community marketing objectives. Content curation is part of the overall content marketing

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies - Essay Example Major changes have been elaborated to bring out the descriptive cause and effect based on the observations. The outcome of research ascertained that behavior and performance were affected by unethical haraam practices such as being late for work for no valid reasons, heavy drinking, taking long lunch hours, disrespect and anger when dealing with colleagues and even when addressing her seniors. These findings and results once tabled can be used by other employees as lessons to follow as well as for managers to devise strategies aimed at improving the performance of the most important asset in any organization which is the human resource (Muhammad, & Rehman, 2012). The employee in question has been referred to as an underperformer for his unsatisfactory work performance and failure to undertake her duties as per the standards required. Maryam Qureshi, has also been termed as an employee who did not comply with workplace rules, policies and procedures. In addition, she used to cause disruptive behaviour that impacted on the co-workers. Given the existing economic situations where businesses and profit making organizations are working hard to maximize profits, it is very crucial to make sure that employees respect their lines of duty. However, obtaining 100 percent of employee’s efficiency is not guaranteed as seen in the case study with Maryam. An underperforming worker can affect the bottom line of the company’s objectives, workplace morale, making other employees’ work look more difficult. Thus, the best thing to deal with such a case is to dismiss the staff in question. However to avoid running into legal problems, there are certain procedures that should be followed. For instance, in this case the management has to carry out a substantial performance review process so as to have a sufficient evidence to support the decision of firing Maryam (Burke, & Cooper, 2011). Maryam’s case does not look complicated since

Murdering Mckinley Essay Example for Free

Murdering Mckinley Essay The main factors that are presented in the book include how the assassination affected America and its society, Roosevelt’s response to the assassination and his succession to the presidency, the reasons for committing the murder, and the evidence that supports the cases of the assassin and the district attorney. I found this book to be a well-organized and accurate account of the assassination as well as the surrounding events. I found the events that occurred to be extremely wrong and hurtful to the American society. The means by which the assassin achieved the political changes that he desired were completely immoral and threatening to America. Rauchway describes William McKinley’s assassination in the year of 1901 by explaining to the reader the motives of the assassin, the reaction of the district attorney and society, and the response that Roosevelt had to suddenly becoming the President of the United States. On September 6, 1901 President William McKinley was tragically assassinated at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, NY by Leon F. Czolgosz. President McKinley ran the politics of state supported capitalism. He was a strong conservative, which was reflected in his successes of reopening factories and putting individuals back to work. Czolgosz disliked McKinley’s politics and wanted McKinley himself to fall in order to prove America was vulnerable and to strip the American people of any illusions of safety. Although the motives behind Czolgosz’s actions were complet ely immoral, he did have well supported logic behind these actions. The case ultimately went to trial, and the district attorney tried to prove that the assassin succumbed to radicalism through his anger of his social standing. Some would argue that Czolgosz was mentally insane and delusional and that he should receive mercy. At the time of the assassination the American society was becoming more urban and more complex, leading people to have less control over their own fates. People soon began to believe that a sane and healthy social environment would lead to a sane and healthy United States population. Movements to sustain these ideas grew and flourished during the time of Roosevelt’s presidency. This led to liberal political ideology, which soon became kno wn as progressivism. The main impact that McKinley’s assassination had on Americans was that it pressured them to be more clear and up front on their opinions of a working class which included a large number of immigrants. It also encouraged the people to voice their opinion on race in the developing democracy. The organization of the text and manner by which the facts were presented by the author made it easy to follow and understand. I found the book to be unbiased while representing all sides of the argument fairly. The book contains evidence of the details given and the author sometimes uses other historians to back uphisevidenceasagoodwaytosupporthisstatements. Tome,therealbenefitof reading this book was that it helped to expand my knowledge of the actual events of the assassination as well the effects that it had upon America and Roosevelt’s new role as President. I feel that the arguments presented by Rauchway regarding whether or not the assassination was a positive or negative experience for America were mostly equal. After reading the book I gained a better understanding of the affects of the murder. I am able to understand that although McKinley’s death was a tragedy, ultimately America was able to flourish through the progressivism supported through Roosevelt’s policies. However, I feel very strongly that Czolgosz’s act of murder was completely inhumane and very disrespectful to America and its people. As a whole, the book was a very well written description of the murder of William Mckinley and of the affects it imposed on the country. The murder of McKinley had many lasting impacts on American society. Through the assassination, America recieved a push towards progressivism, and became a wake up call to American politics. Although it was a misfortunate act which was committed, it did help America to grow and become stronger as a nation. Roosevelt took a strong stance as the new President and bravely faced the challenge of leading America with courage and knowledge. He acted upon constituent’s fears so that they would become supporters of his efforts to rid radical dissent. Some say Czolgosz acted upon his own insanity, however his decisions were based on logic and his life ended in the electric chair and his remains were doused in sulfuric acid. When he committed the crime he was aware that there would be extreme consequences for his actions. This showed America how far some people would go to achieve the political changes they desired. As Americans today look back on the tragic event, it is seen as one of the most devastating days in American history. However, in the end America found the strength and courage to push through the sorrow and hurt and eventually grow from the death that birthed a new nation. Eric Rauchway presents this tragic event in American history with a hopeful and optimistic tone as he emphasizes the positive growth that America managed to obtain through Roosevelt’s policies. His account is easy to understand yet still challenges the reader to think more deeply about the implications of the event.

Samsung Performance Appraisal

Samsung Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is the process of collecting, observing and analyzing the recorded information about the relative worth of an employee. The min motive behind carrying out the process of performance appraisal is to measure the actual performance of the employees with the expected performance that has been set. 1.2 Process of Performance Appraisal: ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: this accounts for the first step in the performance appraisal system which involves setting up of the standards that will act as a base to judge the performance of the employees. It also measures the degree of their contribution towards achieving organizational goals and objectives. The standards set should be clearly communicated, easily understandable and in measurable terms. COMMUNICATING THE STANDARDS: once the standards have been set, it is the duty of the management to effectively communicate the same to their employees so that they are well aware of their duties and responsibilities to be performed. This enables the employees to understand their roles and the kind of performance expected. The standards also have to be duly communicated to the evaluators or appraisers and can undergo changes at this stage if required, on the basis of feedback received from employees or evaluators. MEASURING THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE: this stage is the most important as it is crucial to measure the actual performance of the employees in the right manner within the specified period of time. Performance appraisal being a continuous process involves monitoring the performance throughout the year and it requires careful selection of appraisal techniques, eliminating degree of personal biasness and providing assistance rather than interfering in an employees work. COMPARING THE ACTUAL WITH THE DESIRED PERFORMANCE: as apparent, this stage involves comparing the actual performance with standard performance and identifying deviations in the same. The deviation can be positive, i.e. actual performance is more than the standard performance or negative, i.e. the actual performance is lower than the desired performance. Thus, the crucial functions to be carried out in this stage are recalling, evaluating and analyzing of the data related to employees performance. DISCUSSING RESULTS: then the result of the performance appraised is communicated and a follow up session with the employees on a one to one basis takes place. The aim of this follow up is to solve problems and reach a consensus. The feedback should be given with a positive attitude or else it might have a negative impact on the employees morale and performance. DECISION MAKING: the final step to performance appraisal system is to take decisions as to improve the performance of the employees, take corrective measures to eliminate the deviations identified and HR related decisions like rewards, promotions, transfers, etc. 1.3 Samsung: Samsung is one of the leading brands of electronics in the world. It has become even more popular with the launch of its android smart phones which are similar to the Apple iPhones. Samsung has several branches in India which are running successfully. Samsung also sells basic mobile phones that are very cheap, thus popular with the lower income groups. We interviewed Mr. Rajesh Dhadich, the Area Business Manager of Samsung, Pune. He was very helpful and provided us with the necessary information about the performance appraisal system that is used in their organization. Samsung uses the traditional method of performance appraisal, i.e target vs. achievement method. The employees performance is evaluated based on their achievement in the specified period, whether they are able to meet their target or not. 1.4 Hierarchy: President Vice president Director All India head regional manager Zonal Self Manager Area Business Manager 2. Objectives of the Study: To observe and analyze the performance of the employees over a specified period of time. To find out the difference between the actual performance and the expected performance. To give the employees feedback of their previous performance. 3. Methodology Adopted: There are two types of methodologies to find out the system of performance appraisal used. They are: Primary data collection Secondary data collection This survey was conducted using primary data collection. Mr. Rajesh Dhadich, Area Business Manager of Samsung, Pune was interviewed. 4.Data Analysis and Interpretation: Do you follow a well-defined performance appraisal system in your organization? Yes, a well-defined performance appraisal system is carried out in the organization where in the employees are judged on the basis of the targets achieved by them. The employees have the freedom to cross question their bosses if they are not satisfied with the rating. Which type of performance appraisal system do you use? Samsung uses a traditional system of performance appraisal. They follow the system of target vs. achievement wherein every employee is given a specific target to achieve in the beginning of the month. This target may vary from an increase in the market share or an increase in the total sales. Depending on the target achieved, performance of the employees is rated. For example, an employee may be given the target of selling 1000 smartphones in one quarter. If the employee achieves his target, he is given a high rating. What is the purpose of having a well-defined performance appraisal process in your organization? Training and development: performance appraisal helps to find out the drawbacks in an employees performance and hence he can be trained in those skills which would help him perform better. Succession planning: through performance appraisal, employees with good leadership are identified, which helps the organization to spot people to fill future key role positions. Does the employee have a clear understanding of his duties and responsibilities? The office provides the employees with an employee friendly Human Resource (HR) Manual at the date of joining which gives them a brief idea about what is expected out of them, their duties, responsibilities, along with their rights. Are the employees free to express themselves in case of a mismatch between the actual and the desired performance? In case the employees are unsatisfied with their bosses ratings and think they deserve more, they are free to post their grievances and differences through a great workplace portal. They are free to express themselves and negotiate with their bosses. For example, if an employee is rated 8 on 10, and he feels he deserves more because of his performance, he is free to express himself and negotiate with his boss and find out the reasons for the bosss rating. This shows that Samsungs work environment is open to discussions and extremely work friendly, which satisfies the employees in the long run. What are the incentives given to the employees apart from monetary benefits? If the employee wishes to buy any electronic gadget, Samsung products are available to him at a discounted rate, say for example 25%. Quarterly rewards are given to the people with the best performance. Further, outstanding performers are given special rewards and allowances. All these induce the employees to perform better and achieve their target. What are the challenges faced by you while evaluating the performance appraisal of the employees? Sometimes due to a positive change in the market conditions, an employee may be able to perform better than his colleague in the previous quarter leading to confusion for the manager as to who has performed better. Due to this reason, it becomes difficult for the manager to differentiate between a performer and non-performer, and rating becomes a little confusing. What is the feedback given by your employees on your performance appraisal system? Employees were asked to rate the performance appraisal system of the company in which it was concluded that 85% of the employees are satisfied with the feedback given to them. 5.Conclusion: Samsung is one of the leading electronic brands having its branches all over India which are running successfully. After conducting a thorough research, it was found that Samsung follows an employee friendly approach of performance appraisal wherein target vs. achievement method is used. Performance appraisal in an organization is very important as it helps in finding out the difference between the actual and the desired performance of an employee. It also helps the employers in guiding their employees to achieve their goals. Training and development of the employees is also possible with the help of a good performance appraisal system. Thus, it is necessary for every organization to have a well-defined performance appraisal system.

Dylan Thomas Essay -- essays research papers

Dylan Thomas was born in October 1914 in Uplands, Swansea, where he grew up. His father, David John Thomas, had taken his degree at University College Aberystwyth and obtained a First in English, which he taught at Swansea Grammar School. His pupils found him quick tempered and intimidating, but he had a beautiful, sonorous voice for reading aloud, which his son inherited. Thomas' mother, Florence Hannah Williams, had been a seamstress before her marriage. Welsh was her first tongue, but her husband - although he did speak Welsh - preferred English. He was cynical about religion, whilst she was traditional in her piety. The name "Dylan" comes from a character in the Welsh Medieval Romance The Mabinogian. In Welsh it would be pronounced "Dullun", which Mrs Thomas was unhappy about, preferring the English pronunciation "Dillan". Thomas' childhood summers were spent at the Carmarthenshire dairy farm of his mother's sister, Ann Jones, and her husband, Jim. These holidays inspired the poem Fern Hill. Before the age of 11, he was writing poetry. He was also telling lies and pinching money from his mother's purse. In her eyes he could do no wrong, which was particularly irritating for his sister, Nancy. Thomas attended Swansea Grammar School from 1925-1931. When he started at the school he was small and pretty, so the bigger boys bullied him until they discovered he was aggressive and pugnacious and knew a prodigious number of swear-words. ...

The Piltdown Man :: essays research papers

1. A hoaxA hoax: n. 1. Practical joke 2. Deceptive trick 3. Play trick upon 4. Decieveexample: Piltdown ManFor forty years they were considered one of the archaeological finds of the century: A fragment of jaw and a part of a skull that could prove man evolved from the apes. They were the bones of Eoanthropus dawsoni found near Piltdown Common in Sussex. The bones of the "Missing Link." Not since 1953 the name "Piltdown" hasn't been associated with great scientific discovery, but great scientific fraud. It was in that year that a group of scientists, lead by Kenneth Page Oakley, attempted to use the new method of fluorine testing to get a more exact date on the bones. What the test showed surprised them: The jaw was modern and the skull only six hundred years old. Additional analysis soon confirmed the fluorine tests. The jaw was really that of an orangutan. It had been filed down and parts that might have suggested it's simian origin were broken off. Both pieces had been treated to suggest great age. Piltdown was proclaimed genuine by several of the most brilliant British scientists of the day: Arthur Smith Woodward, Arthur Keith and Grafton Elliot Smith. How did these faked fragments of bone fool the best scientific minds of the time? Perhaps the desire to be part of a great discovery blinded those charged with authenticating it. Many English scientists felt left out by discoveries on the continent.Neanderthal had been found in Germany in 1856, and Cro-Magnon in France in 1868. Perhaps national pride had kept the researchers from noticing the scratch marks made by the filing of the jaw and teeth. Items that were apparent later on to investigators after Oakley exposed the hoax. Even as early as 1914, though, there were those that doubted the fossils. William King Gregory wrote, "It has been suspected by some that geologically [the specimens] are not old at all; that they may even represent a deliberate hoax..." Who perpetrated the hoax? Many historians lay their bets on Charles Dawson, the amateur geologist that supposedly discovered the bones in a gravel pit. Others, though, lay the blame at the feet of people as diverse as a young Jesuit priest, named Teilhard de Chardin, who assisted in the dig, to the author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who lived in the area. Dawson was an English solicitor who sought and collected fossils.

Loctite Company Essay

1) What is Loctite’s distribution strategy? What are the different distribution channels which are used by Loctite? Loctite’s distribution strategy is to reach a worldwide sale capability in the chemical adhesives industry. Loctite wants to offer a full range of sealant and adhesive products which meet the different needs of its customers. The company provides a great support to distributors, training the distributor’s salespeople, demonstrating new products in seminars, and explaining cases where the product has been used. The different distribution channels are through independent distributors, representative offices, exports agents, joint ventures, acquisitions of others distributors and subsidiaries. 2) How does Loctite’s channel strategy differ between the domestic North American market and international markets? In North America, Loctite sells approximately through 1,600 outlets across all over the country. Distributors ranged from small outlets to Loctite’s biggest customers. Loctite focused in selective distribution that is the reason for not being represented in most of the 50,000 potential outlets. The selective distribution allows a superior level of service for its customers, adding more value to the product. Loctite always looked for two or three distributors representing the same market, so its customers had the choice of a different supplier. Distributor had a attractive return, which is between 30% to 35% of margin. The industrial distributors were structured into 12 regions. The international market strategy was in some cases made by shipments under licensing agreements, e.g. in Japan. All products sales were made by overseas sales before the constructions of manufacturing plants. Some acquisitions and joint ventures helped to achieve a faster international expansion. Loctite acquired equity interests in its distributors around Europe. Loctite’s strategy was to penetrate in a country market with a  relationship with a distributor, and increasing stake in this market, and eventually getting the business ownership. 3) What factors are driving Loctite’s acquisition of its international distribution channels? Loctite’s acquisitions of its international distribution are driven in the most of the cases by the slow sales growth. Once a distributor establishes its business and its market share, it gets satisfied with the margin of the sales, and many times do not reinvest its profits in the business. It generates neither a higher growth nor a raise in the market share. Some distributors do not allow Loctite to have an active participation in their sales, and cash flow statements, so reinforcing Loctite to acquire the company. 4) What should Loctite do about distribution in Hong Kong? Loctite should reinforce its policy in its distributor in Hong Kong. Loctite should try to work together with this local distributor, trying to explain Loctite’s policies and improve the communication. The business, the goals, and the results expected for that distributor has to be clarified. Loctite’s P.R.C joint venture should meet with the distributor so they could specify a price range where both of the companies could make a better profit. Both companies have to analyze the market penetration so it is not penalized because of high prices, and neither the quality because of price war between those two seller companies. And Loctite should start to sell in China market.

Platinum Box Case Essay

The main problem in this Platinum case is the decision whether or not to single source to Jabaking with the expansion of printing equipment. Because Conrad of Jabaking was instrumental to helping Platinum find their feet and establish its ground in the printing industry in 1992 does not necessarily mean Platinum press has to be indebted to Jabaking thirteen years after. Even though Conrad has always hinted Jim Hicza since 1992 that he expects that Platinum will reward them for the favour in future, business decisions have to made at crucial times even as long term business relationships still has to be sustained. Platinum will have to blend these two crucial business principles if it wants to continue to grow in the business industry. One way to get this done is by exploring potential opportunities , long-term, in working with Jabaking to help them upgrade their equipment and technology system to meet current market demands long term while also purchasing the services of Pnutype because of the technically sound environmental equipment. That way Platinum will sustain the long term relationship with Jabaking as well as tapping from the high quality equipment Pnutype has to offer for the purposes of establishing firmly and gaining goodwill in the new US market. Therefore, for the immediate solution, Platinum Press should engage multiple sourcing for this new US market venture for the following reasons: 1) This will help keep Jabaking competitive and on their toes for continuous improvement and to be able to provide better value. 2) Multisourcing will help minimize the risk of Jabaking’s or any other supplier’s failure. Especially in terms of providing high quality equipment in a time where quality ranks high on the evaluation matrix of purchasers. As we already know from the case that Jabaking does have a reputation of having very good quality product but not necessarily the highest quality. 3) Jabaking may not necessarily have sufficient capacity or skills to meet the new market need. 4) Multisourcing will give Platinum Press an opportunity to test and discover potential expert suppliers in the industry. 5) Multisourcing will also help reduce and/or avoid Platinum’s dependence on Jabaking alone and avoid Jabaking gaining business leverage. Criteria In this case, a good decision will result in a situation that strengthens Platinum’s Press bargaining position and not weaken it. Platinum Press’ position is weak when there is only one known provider of the product or service—as in a sole source or single source deal. Therefore, competition is the best way to quickly arrive at market price level. This competitive factor will be missing in sole/single source negotiations with Jabaking. Careful bid structuring results in apples-to-apples comparisons for each bidder. Platinum Press Inc. strives to collect a minimum of three viable bids for each procurement effort. Bids are tabulated into a matrix that lists all vendors and fields of comparison. Each vendor is asked to submit bids with prices broken out for effective comparisons. In view of the problem issues outlined above, there has to be clarify in terms of the negotiation technique in question. We need to specify if the negotiation is for competitive reasons as in the case of Pnutype and Merakuri Press or if it is solely for the aim of collaborating with Jabaking to help them enhance and develop their equipment quality especially as Platinum Press is someone indebted to Jabaking. The decision of which method on negotiation to apply rest solely on Jim Hicza. However, as mentioned earlier, competitive negotiation should be applied immediately while collaborative negotiation should be applied for long-term product development assistance for Jabaking. Differentiating Between Competitive and Collaborative Negotiations Most supply management professionals certainly would prefer to begin each acquisition from a position of strength derived from a competitive environment. Competition is a great way to level the playing field. Competitive bidding drives suppliers down to a market-efficient pricing environment where the negotiation process can work optimally. But to have a competitive environment in any acquisition, the following conditions must exist:  · Competition: First and foremost, there need to be a number of qualified suppliers in the targeted marketplace—that is, no single or sole source constraints.  · Ability to move: The buyer must be able to move the business away from the current provider; there can be no binding commitments, for example.  · Sufficient Volume: The buyer must have enough volume to warrant interest from a sufficient number of qualified bidders.  · Time for competition: Sufficient time must be available to proceed through the entire competitive process.  · Willingness to change: The buyer’s internal line of business groups must be willing to use any of the qualified bidders. When negotiations follow a structured bid process (RFP, RFQ, auction, and so forth) or when accurate cost data is known for the product or service in question, buyers can usually leverage a negotiation technique known as â€Å"competitive bargaining.† This is the traditional way of hammering out a deal, marked by hard discussions focused mainly on price and based upon concrete facts. Competitive bargaining can be applied in a wide range of circumstances, even including single-source supplier relationships where an attractive alternative or fall-back plan exists. Competitive bargaining works in many situations. Yet it’s not the best tactic for complex acquisitions where dynamics in addition to price are in play. It’s also not a good tactic when negotiating from a position of weakness which can be argued for in this case with Jim Hicza and Conrad of Jabaking. The collaborative style is best suited for more complex negotiations, including ones where you’re â€Å"negotiating out of a hole,† which can be the present situation Platinum Press in it right now in that they are somewhat indebted to Jabaking. Collaborative negotiations:  · Focus on mutual problem solving in a collaborative fashion. The use of positive group problem-solving techniques, rather than oppositional positioning, is a core tenet of collaborative negotiations.  · They are non-confrontational: This does not mean the buyer is weak. Rather it means that negotiations are conducted in a positive manner and are focused on creating solutions that can work for both sides. The ability to keep things positive is a critical skill for supply management professionals.  · Yield to principle but not to pressure: A collaborative negotiation quickly falls apart if the buying organization compromises on this guideline. Once the buying company yields to pressure from its sales opponents to focus solely on price, the positive atmosphere essential to collaborative negotiations quickly evaporates. Successful collaborative negotiations require greater skill and experience than competitive bargaining. These discussions typically involve a multitude of issues that must be resolved to the satisfaction of both sides. So when an inexperienced negotiation team overly focuses on one point, for example, they leave themselves vulnerable to being taken advantage of on the other elements under negotiation. Moreover, the negotiators need to understand that these various issues are interrelated. The cost model of the entire package can change quickly if the negotiator does not understand the effect of one concession on another. Analysis: In creating a bid evaluation matrix for Merakuri, Jabaking and Pnutype, a few weighted evaluative steps have to be taken. These steps include: identifying the important evaluative factors; reaching consensus on the importance of the evaluative factors; specifying with precision the evaluative factors, reaching consensus on the weighting of each of the evaluative factors determining the range for the rating scale; developing the definition for each rank in the rating scale; performing the rankings individually and finally discussing and developing a consensus ranking.

By 1918 there was general agreement that a League Essays - Structure

By 1918 there was general agreement that a League of Nations should be established. The key articles of the actual covenant (constitution) spelled out the role of the league in identifying and addressing threats to peace, the settlement of disputes, and the imposition of sanctions against states violating international agreements. These articles occasioned limited disagreement. Participating nations also generally agreed that the league should be made up of an executive council, a deliberative assembly, and an administrative secretariat, but they disagreed over the exact function and makeup of these bodies. In an early draft of the covenant, membership of the council was restricted to the Great Powers and any smaller nation-states that the Great Powers chose to invite. However, the formulation that eventually prevailed designated the Great Powers as permanent members of the council while small powers had nonpermanent membership. The operation and membership of the assembly, which was the model for the General Assembly of the United Nations after 1945, was also a subject of some debate. In fact, its overall operation and significance was really only worked out in subsequent years. The administrative secretariat, set up as a coordinating and administrative body, was a less divisive issue. Its power was grounded entirely in the council and the assembly. The headquarters of the league were in Geneva, Switzerland, where the secretariat prepared reports and agendas. The assembly, which was made up of representatives of all the member governments, set policy and met on an annual basis. Britain, France, Italy, and Japan held permanent membership in the council, which met more regularly than the assembly. All decisions taken by the council and the assembly had to be unanimous if they were to be binding. The league also included a number of subsidiary organizations. One of these, the International Labor Organization (ILO) was a specific response to the Russian Revolution . It was hoped that the ILO would appease some of the more radical tendencies within the trade union movement in various parts of the world and curtail the attractions of international communism. A Permanent Court of International Justice was also set up, as well as a range of commissions that dealt with issues such as refugees, health, drugs, and child welfare. At the time of its foundation in 1919 the league had forty-two member governments. This increased to fifty-five by 1926; however, the failure of the United States to become a member contributed significantly to the decline of the organization by the 1930s. Meanwhile, Germany only became a member in 1926 and withdrew in 1933, while the Soviet Union was only a member from 1934 to 1939. The Japanese government departed in 1933, and the Italian government ended its association with the league in 1937.