The State Of Ethics And Privacy Essay - 967 Words

To: Amanda Greeley Manager – IT Google From: Jancy James Kochmuriyil Intern Date: September 17, 2015 Re: STATE OF ETHICS AND PRIVACY You have asked that I look into the state of privacy and ethics at Google and present my thoughts and opinion on it. I would like to address a few issues that I have found in the following paragraphs. Google as a company with its modest beginning in 1998 and its mission statement to â€Å"organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful†, has grown into so much more. Google is now the most searched website and is also the most dominant search engine in many countries. Heard that even some of the Microsoft Employees prefer Google than their own search engine. This shows how popular Google is. Violation of copyright and Privacy We are now living in a world where information about almost anything and everything is available at the click of a button and Google helps make it possible. While everyone loves Google it is important to not to stain that reputation and put any wrinkle on its merits. With the availability of information comes the risk of violation of privacy. Despite having good code of ethics and privacy, Google has been subject to criticism concerning the privacy of its users. Google as a search engine keeps track of its user’s search history and uses tracking cookies to collect enormous amounts of information - personal and general. Information collected through one simple search will not giveShow MoreRelatedComprehensive Legislation Of Social Media Privacy1559 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Privacy Reading and Writing Workshop II, Section 007 Qiu Jin (Rachel) August 11, 2014 Comprehensive Legislation to Protect Social Media Privacy Abstract The article makes a research on both the present situation of social media users’ privacy, and the work of the FTC and other federal departments to protect social media privacy. 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The purpose of surveillance, or one particular instantiation of surveillance, is probably the mostRead MoreResident Rights in Long Term Care Facilities1536 Words   |  7 Pagesa necessity in a long term care setting and incorporate values and ethics. Resident rights provide privacy and confidentiality for the resident they promote quality of life and set standard rules for a caregiver to follow. In a professional setting such as a long term care facility, professional values and ethics are an absolute necessity. Sometimes the definition of values and ethics is unclear. Professional values and ethics are a set of moral principles and standards of conduct, supporting theRead MoreThe Privacy Of The Internet1737 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet were to Google a search for the word â€Å"privacy† as of June 2015, there would be close to 2 billion hits. Discussions of privacy, piracy and internet breaches are everywhere. The numerous Google hits show there is nearly universal agreement that (1) we have less privacy and more information than we used to, and (2) this is bad.Information itself is, of course, not bad, but as we have witnessed recently, even personnel record maintained by the United States government are subject to unethical hackingRead MoreEthics And The Field Of Healthcare1542 Words   |  7 Pagesare supposed to advocate for their patients, as well as protect their privacy and confidentiality. When a patient put’s the nurse in a situation that could potentially affect other people, what should she do? The nurse must be familiar with genetic testing, the impact it can have on the patient and society, the ANA Code of Ethics, privacy and confidentiality, and the implications to breach confidentiality agreements. Privacy and Confidentiality Related to Genetics The nurse is often responsibleRead MoreShould Justin Ellsworths Parents Have Been Given Access to His Email?1102 Words   |  5 Pageskilled in Iraq. After his death, his parents wanted access to his emails. Yahoo, his email service provided declined their request stating that their privacy policy prohibited them from disclosing the contents of his email to anyone. Now I was asked to review this from a utilitarian and deontological view. Utilitarian Utilitarian ethics is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beingsRead MoreThe Ethical and Legal Concerns of Employee Monitoring Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesreviewing their employee’s emails, voice mails, and phone conversations (Evans, 2007). However, in some instances when the employees found out about the monitoring they were left with the feeling that there has been a violation of their rights to privacy. Employee monitoring could fall under the organizational structure of human resources. The human resources department of an organization has the responsibility of hiring new employees, delivering, and developing proper training to make sure thatRead MoreCelebrities and Privacy1609 Words   |  7 Pageswhether they should expect their privacy to be respected by the media. Media comes in various forms, with the more common ones being newspapers, tabloids, radio, paparazzi, internet, social media and many more. A conflict of rights? Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights stated that every person has the â€Å"right to respect for his private and family life. His home and his correspondence†. However, it contradicts with Article 10 of the same Act that states that everyone has the right to

A Cultural Problem, an Economic Crisis - 1099 Words

In the past two years, Western society has experienced what many of its leaders have called the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. At the very least, it has been the worst period of instability that our younger generations have ever seen in their lifetimes. But unlike other financial crises that have largely been triggered by external forces, such as the oil embargoes of the 1970’s, this latest one was a product of our own internal policies and practices; even more so, of our cultural outlooks on the very notion of finance, credit, and debt itself. Specifically, the financial crisis that has just come to pass was the result of the new culture of neo-liberalism and the hyper-individuality and debt-based consumption that it†¦show more content†¦This higher-level shift in the modes of production in Western society has been one of the major sources of the cultural shift that has led to our modern state of affairs. From Fordism to the post-war, entire fam ilies would form professional identities around the head of the household’s employer. With the shift in the modes and local of production that neo-liberal globalization however, the current generations cannot form such attachment or association. As Barry puts it, â€Å"the new flexible form of capitalism has transformed the work experience and as a result ‘people can’t identify themselves with a particular labour or with a single employer’†. So then, if someone of the current generation, by virtue of the neo-liberal system into which they have been born, cannot form a profession identity like their fathers or grandfathers had, what does that leave? Smart points out that, without the confidence or security that employment held before modern global neo-liberalism, people have increasingly formed their identities around their time off the clock. 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Free Radiology Research Study Critique Free Essays

Critique: Research Study Radiology 1. Citation Upton, D. Upton , P. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Radiology Research Study Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2006). Knowledge and Use of Evidence-based practice by allied health and health science professionals in the United Kingdom. Journal of Allied Health, 35:3, 127-133 2. Study Purpose The following critically reviews a paper by Upton and Upton (2006), concerned with clinical effectiveness (CE) and evidence-based practice (EBP) and the differences between them amongst different professional groups. It compares 14 different groups in terms of how they understand and implement CE and EBP. Evidence-based practice is the application by health care professionals of the most appropriate research evidence to clinical situations, taking into account the whole context in which they operate, including the client’s needs (Hoffman et al 2009). Clinical effectiveness, according to the Department of Health (1996) is â€Å"the extent to which specific clinical interventions, when deployed in the field for a particular patient or population, do what they are intended to do† (DoH 1996; cited Hamer and Collinson 2005).Upton and Upton suggest that the differences between these concepts in different fields has, so far, been under researched. 3. Literature Upton and Upton’s literature review is fairly short, and forms part of the introduction. While it might be slightly clearer to separate this out from other areas covered in the introduction, this seems a fairly standard academic practice. The review does not explain what either CE or EBP are, nor of the history of the terms. While this might be superfluous to the paper, and while the author’s might assume the expected audience will be familiar with the terms already, the term, EBP, for example is, to some extent, ambiguous (Roberts and Yeager 2004), and a statement here, rather than later of the definition used would have been welcome. The bulk of the review looks at existing research which explores â€Å"the views and knowledge of health care professionals toward EBP† (Upton and Upton 2006), pointing out that they mainly concern medical practitioners, with fewer looking at others including McCaughan et al (2002) (nurses) and Iqbal and Glenny (2002) (dental practitioners). They discuss the studies which, like theirs, do compare different professions (Palfreyman et al 2004; Metcalfe et al 2001). These find common features and differences between the groups: nurses, for example, rate their EBP abilities lower than physiotherapists. Not only are existing studies, few, their scope is limited and omits key areas of interest. As such the literature review provides a good justification for Upton and Upton’s study, by showing the deficit of existing research. However, as an overview of the concepts of EBP and CE it is less successful. In addition it does not suggest a theoretical model to shape and give depth to the study, for example one which predicts differences between professional groups, like that of Gawlinski and Rutledge (2008), who suggest that different models of EBP meet different needs of differing clinical environments. 4. Approach and Methodology The authors do not explicitly discuss the paradigm under which their research was carried out, and their ‘methodology’ section is only one paragraph. A paradigm is the approach to the research taken by researchers. Johnson and Christensen (2010) suggest that there are three major paradigms, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods, each of which embraces a set of assumptions about epistemology and the nature of reality. Upton and Upton’s approach is quantitative, empiricist and positivist. Positivism was established by Comte in the early 19th Century, and assumes that the world is objective of human experience, and knowable through our senses.Empiricism is concerned with factual data, and empirical research’s ideal method is the scientific method, whereby clear hypotheses are formulated prior to research and are designed to be tested against empirical evidence. Data is primarily numerical, and outcomes are objective and measurable. This approach contras ts with a qualitative, interpretivist approach, which deals with text, subjectivity and the richness of experience (Tappen 2010). Given that Upton and Upton want to investigate an under-researched area, it is understandable why they used a quantitative approach, as it allows them to investigate a larger data set and draw more generalisable conclusions, and also give scope for assessing statistical significance. However, a qualitative approach would have allowed them to look in more detail at how different types of practitioner experienced EBP and CE, which would have added richness to the study. 5. Sample Again, there is relatively little detail given by the authors here. They tell us that 1000 members of Allied Healthcare Professions (AHP) and Health Science Services (HSS) were selected, and that the sample represents the proportions of each practicing in the UK. While they assure us that ‘specific statistical methods were used to establish sample size’, there is little discussion of what these were or why they were selected over other possible methods. The authors are informative about the response rate (66.6%), and add that most were female, but there are other details about the sample which are not discussed, and which might have been useful to know. For example, how were participants contacted, and what was the wording used to ask them to take part There is potential for bias here, if the method of contact attracted practitioners who had had either predominantly bad or good experiences of EBP or CE. Postal questionnaires were used, and here the authors do discuss alt ernative methods, and give a reasonable justification for their choice. In addition, although the authors discuss gender, it might have been interesting to know more about participants. Was there bias towards older or younger respondents, or towards one or other social class They suggest there is a bias towards women, but as this represents the breakdown between men and women in the occupations overall, this does not seem to present a particular problem. 6. Data Collection Data was collected by questionnaire, distributed by post. The authors used a questionnaire that had already been developed and tested, by Upton and Lewis (1998). Therefore the reliability and validity (whether the questionnaire gives the same results repeatedly, over time, and whether it tests what it sets out to test: Babbie 2008) had already been established. They also distinguish between content and face validity, and confirm that both are good for the questionnaire. Face validity is weaker than content validity, and confirms simply that an instrument seems to measure what it is intended to measure. Content validity covers the â€Å"full domain of the concept† and whether it measures all this domain (Rubin 2011). Upton and Upton give a fairly good breakdown of the content of the questionnaire, dividing their discussion into the sections contained in it, including demographics, respondent knowledge of CE and EBP, the extent to which respondents practice different aspects of CE and EBT, and barriers to implementation of EBP. For each, they explain the ways in which each aspect were assessed using an appropriate instrument.What is missing here is any discussion of why these instruments were selected over alternatives, and whether alternatives exist. Although Upton and Lewis’s (1998) instrument seems well regarded, there are also the ‘Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale’ and ‘Evidence-Based Practice Implementation Scale’s (Melnyk et al 2008), and the ‘Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (Aarons, 2004), for example (Rice et al 2010). The authors give more detail about how participants were contacted here, via a ‘publicity notice’. This might give rise to bias, however, as those who were motivated to take part might well have stronger opinions about EBP and CE and want to express these. Other selection methods might have been considered. There is also no information about the length of time taken to distribute and collect the questionnaires, nor how long the respondents were given to complete them. A longer time might have led to more detailed results, but also to the possibility of other influences effecting responses. Because the questionnaires were distributed by post, there also seems to be little provision for dealing with problems which might be encountered by respondents while completing their forms. 7. Results and Discussion The authors present their results in some detail, using both tables and written presentation, which makes the data easier to understand.Although they mention that the response rate was high, at 66.6%, some more detail about drop out rates would have been welcome here. For example, did the 66.6% represent the proportion of people who completed the full survey, or just a part of the survey? The authors divide the discussion by question type, looking in turn at ‘knowledge of concepts and principles of CE and EBP’, ‘Reported use of EBP’, ‘Acting on evidence from a variety of sources’, and ‘barriers to the application of EBP’. This allows clarity in the discussion. They also explain the details of the results well, with a logical pattern of explanation. For example, they say that overall, knowledge of CE and EBP was low, and then give more detail showing there are clear distinctions between different professions, with more psychologists and physiotherapists rating their knowledge in the ‘high’ category than other professions including podiatrists and speech therapists. The authors also back up the intuitive reading of the results with statistical analyses, and note the drawback that small cell numbers in some cases prevent such a confirmation. For reported use of EBP, there are again differences between the professional groups, with a particular link between frequency with which gaps in knowledge are identified and profession. Other key findings in this, and subsequent sections, are clearly reported. There is a separate table for each sub-section of the questionnaire, and each is clear and easy to read. Because the tables (perhaps because of space constraints) summarise information across both the range of professions and for each aspect rated, it is not immediately obvious which professions are ranked higher for each aspect. Also, the tables summarise the aspects rather than using the verbatim wording, for example â€Å"monitoring own practice† and â€Å"critical analysis†. It might have been interesting to see the actual wording used in the questionnaire. In addition, while statistical information is presented more fully in the text, key information is missing from the tables, for example standard deviation in table 4. Similarly also, the discussion of ‘knowle dge of the concepts and principles of CE and EBP’ includes a description of statistical tests including a one-way analysis of variance, but these results are not presented in the tables. Even though the author’s sample size is relatively high, some cells were so small that certain categories had to be removed from the analysis, for example, orthoptists for ‘reported use of EBP’. This is unfortunate, as it means the full range of professions cannot be assessed for this category. The authors also present a detailed and intelligent discussion of what the results mean.Their conclusions seem to be backed up by the results, for example, their initial claim that there are â€Å"some differences between professional groups in terms of knowledge base and self-reported use of CE and EBP†: this was discussed in the earlier results section. This summary is initially concerned to draw out key themes from the results section. They first suggest that while both HSS and AHP groups have low levels of knowledge, the lowest levels were from professionals from HSS groups. As well as reporting this, they suggest that this is due to the relatively recent introduction of the concept to these professionals, as well as differences in the extent to which each group are involved in day-to-day care of patients.This is interesting, but might the discussion might have had more depth had the differences between HSS and AHP been brought out in more detail during the literature revi ew. They also do not give references for their claims about the differences between HSS and AHP groups, so there is no context for their discussion. However, this is a valuable discussion, as it suggests that part of the problem is the lack of an evidence base for certain professions including radiographers and podiatrists. This insight could be used to generate new practice in these professions.There are similarly useful discussions of other areas of the findings, for example the differences between groups’ ratings of EBP skills. The authors suggest that psychologists, for example, rate their skills higher due to a different emphasis put upon a degree during training. This again throws a useful light upon possible revisions to the way professions are managed. However, Upton and Upton’s discussion here is again marred by lack of reference to any other academic sources. This fruitful area must, surely, have already attracted academic discussion One positive here is tha t Upton and Upton do not simply stick to one possible explanation, but consider others, for example that respondents rating of their skills does not match their actual skill level. Their discussions of other areas, for example application of EBP and barriers to its uptake, also display positive and negative features; bringing out key aspects of the results well, and providing interesting interpretations of these results, but with less referencing and relating the results to other academic research than might be useful. Overall, there could have been a little more discussion of overall themes that arose across sections, for example the need for better management of different professions with more uniform integration of EBP, and improved training in its use. One final, positive point about the results and subsequent discussion is that the authors talk about methodological drawbacks, including those related to postal surveys (respondents may be less honest than with other research methods).They do not, however, consider other possible limitations, for example the lack of any qualitative data, which might have given a richer perspective on what respondents felt emotionally about using EBP and CE. They also do not discuss relationship of the data to any overarching theoretical framework, which might also have added depth to the study. 9. Conclusion and Clinical Implications The author’s conclusion is perhaps rather short. They simply summarise their key finding, that there are ‘very apparent differences in the knowledge and use of CE and EBP by members of the AHP and HSS’, and that there were other, discipline-related, differences. This brevity is somewhat disappointing. They do not consider any practical implications for the research, nor whether it would be appropriate for AHP and HSS members to show equal levels of awareness and use of CE and EBP. Also, they do not make any suggestions for further research, although as they earlier remarked that there is a lack of study in this area, there is a clear need for such research, perhaps investigating differences between professions further, or looking at ways knowlegge and use of CE and EBP can be increased overall. To summarise this paper, a critical analysis of a study by Upton and Upton (2006) has been presented, looking at all aspects of their work from introduction to discussion and conclusion. This is a paper with many interesting and well presented areas, but there are some negative points and areas which could be improved. References Aarons, G A (2004) ‘Mental health provider attitudes toward adoption of evidence based practice: The evidence-based practice attitude scale (EBPAS)’, Mental Health Services Research, 6, 61-74 Babbie, E R (2008) The basics of social research (4th edn.) Cengage Learning, USA. Department of Health (1996) Promoting clinical effectiveness a framework for action in and through the NHS, Department of Health, UK Gawlinski, A and Rutledge, D (2008) ‘Selecting a model for evidence-based practice changes: a practical approach’, AACN Adv Crit Care, 19:3, 291-300. Hamer, S and Collinson, G (2005) Achieving evidence-based practice: a handbook for practitioners (2nd edn.) Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia PA. Hoffman, T, Bennett, S and Del Mar, C (2009) Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health Professions, Elsevier Australia, Australia. Iqbal, A and Glenny A, M (2002) ‘General dental practitioners knowledge of and attitudes towards evidence based practice’, Br Dent J, 193, 587–591 McCaughan, D, Thompson, C, and Cullum, N (2002) ‘Acute care nurses’ perceptions of barriers to using research information in clinical decision- making’, J Adv Nurs 39:46–60. Melnyk, B M, Fineout-Overholt, E, Mays, M Z (2008) ‘The evidence-based practice beliefs and implementation scales: Psychometric properties of two new instruments’, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 4, 208-216. Metcalfe, CR, Lewin S, and Wisher S (2001) ‘Barriers to implementing the evidence base in four NHS therapies: dieticians, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech and language therapists’, Physiotherapy87:433–441. Palfreyman, S, Tod, A and Doyle, J (2004) ‘Comparing evidence-based practice of nurses and physiotherapists’, Br J Nurs, 1:246–253. Rice, K, Hwang, J, Abrefa-Gyan, T and Powel, K (2010) ‘Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Social Work Sample’, Advances in Social Work, 11:2, 158-173 Roberts, A R and Yeager, K (2004) Evidence-based practice manual: research and outcome measures in health and human services, Oxford University Press, Oxon. Rubin, A (2011) Practitioner’s Guide to Using Research for Evidence-Based Practice, John Wiley and Sons, USA Tappen, R (2010) Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice, Jones Bartlett Learning, Sudbury MA Upton, D and Lewis BK (1998) ‘Evidence based practice: a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice’, Br J Ther Rehabil, 5, 647–650 How to cite Free Radiology Research Study Critique, Free Research Paper Samples

Nursing Case study Medical

Questions: I: Mrs Joan McNeil is a 64-year-old widower who currently lives with her daughter due to a recent fall and DVT in her left calf.S: She has presented to your hospital with a DKA after having nausea and vomiting for the past 3 days which she was unable to tolerate anything oral and is dehydrated.B: Joan has been a type 2 Diabetic on Metformin for 30 years. Recently her GP started her on insulin a.c and nocte. Joan weighs 115 kg and suffers from Osteoarthritis and finds it difficult to mobilise. She also has hypertension in which she is medicated for.A: After spending the night in ED receiving IV fluids and an insulin infusion, she has been admitted to your ward with uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes needing re-assessment and management. Joan currently has an intravenous infusion in progress and has a sliding scale, requiring 2/24 BSLs and additional insulin pre meals.R: Refer to the mediation charts.Question 1:a) Explain the aetiology and pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabet es.In your answer compare the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Include: characteristics and treatment.b) Explain what a DKA is and possible reasons from the history why this would have occurred?Question 2:Joan has been a Type 2 Diabetic for 30 years. She has now been commenced on Insulin.a) Is she now considered a Type 1 diabetic? Explain your answer.b) Why would Joans GP have commenced her on Insulin a.c and nocte? Give a detailed explanation.Question 3:a) What are the symptoms of Hypoglycaemia?b) What is the treatment for Hypoglycaemia?Question 4:Mrs McNeils Blood Glucose levels for the past 12 hours are as follows:0600: 13.5mmol/l; 0800: 14.5mmol/l; 1000: 9.9mmol/l; 1200: 15.0mmol/L; 1400: 7.7mmol/l; 1600: 6.8mmol/l; 1800: 3.2mmol/l; 1900: 10.6 mmol/l; 2100: 16mmol/l;a) Document these on the attached BGE (Blood Glucose Form).b) At 1200hrs you documented the BSL as 15.0. What would you do?Question 5:Identify 5 other conditions related to diabetes that Joan is at ris k of? Choose 1 and explain this in detail including pathophysiology, aetiology, signs and symptoms, medications and treatment options.Question 6:On arrival to the ward Joan gives you a bag containing her medications. This bag includes: Metformin, Actrapid, Protaphane, Digoxin, Ventolin Puffer, Coloxyl with Senna, Atenolol.For each of these medications please explain: The pharmacodynamics (how they work) on Mrs McNeils body. Why Joan would be taking these medications Trade names Dosage parameters Adverse reactions Nursing Considerations Patient educationQuestion 7:Mrs McNeil was commenced on IV fluids due to dehydrationa) What clinical manifestations would Mrs McNeil exhibited on admission for the Doctor to diagnose this.b) Outline in detail the Enrolled Nurses role in relation to managing Joans IVT.c) Identify and explain in detail at least 4 possible complications of having an IV Infusion.You have just completed a set of observations. These are as follows:BP: 160/96HR: 98R: 26O2 sa ts: 86%Joan is having difficulty responding to your questions in full sentences.d) What is Joan most likely suffering from?e) What could have caused this and why?Question 8:As part of the admission process you complete a patient medical history check. You identify that the patient has had a recent DVT in her left calf.a) After identifying this, what medication is used in hospital to prevent this from reoccurring?b) How does this medication work?c) Outline how you would administer this medication (please include equipment, process and safety precautions)d) Please sign the medication chart to indicate you have given the morning medications.Question 9:You assist Joan to the toilet, on returning to the chair Joan appears to be short of breath and complains of a squeezing sensation (heaviness) in her chest. Please explain your immediate actions in order of priority and provide a rationale for each.Question 10:Continuing on from above, you have just completed a set of observations. These are as follows:BP: 86/38HR: 46R: 24O2 sats: 80%Joan is sweating profuselyBased on the observations you decide to leave the patient to make a MET call.a) What is the criteria for making a MET call?Question 11:The Doctor diagnosed acute Myocardial Infarction as the troponin level was 0.9.a) What is the normal range for a troponin level?The following day, you are doing a ward round. You notice Mrs McNeil walking to the toilet on her own. You ask if she is ok and she responds yes. You continue your round. 20 minutes later you walk past Mrs McNeils room and notice she has not returned from the toilet. As you walk closer you see Mrs McNeil collapsed on the floor in the doorway of the toilet.b) What is your next response?c) Joan has No Pulse and is not breathing. You know you need to commence CPR, what does this involve. Give a detailed explanation of the resuscitation process. Ratio, depth of compression, frequency, checking of pulse, timing of interventions, other assistance etc.d) What medications are used in the management of a cardiac arrest. Explain the pharmacodynamics, dosage parameters and timing for these medicationsQuestion 12:After a long stay in hospital recovering from her MI, Joan is finally ready for discharge to a rehabilitation facility.a) Develop a discharge plan and a written handover to the facility. Using the ISBAR handover format ensure you include all information, events and medication pertaining to Joans stay hospital. Answers: 1. a) Type I Diabetes: in this condition the immune system of the body that fights against viruses and bacteria incorrectly demolishes the islet cells within the pancreas. Pathophysiology of this condition includes beta cells destruction within the pancreas in spite of which causative agent or risk factors are present (Schatz, Haller and Atkinson, 2010). Risk factors include autoimmune response towards the beta cells within the pancreas, consisting expansion of autoantibody-generating beta cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T helper cells and innate immune system activation. Type II Diabetes: in this condition human system becomes insulin resistant or the pancreas may stop producing adequate amount of insulin. Insulin resistance that is the cell inability to respond properly to normal insulin levels takes place initially within fat tissue, muscles and liver (Taylor, 2012). Type I Diabetes Type II Diabetes Characteristics beta cells destruction within the pancreas in spite of any causative agent or risk factors In case of insulin resistance, liver inadequately releases proper amount of glucose in the blood stream Treatment Immunosupressive drugs: Cyclosporine A. Proper nutrition, regular exercise, lifestyle modification (Karlsen and Bru, 2000). b) DKA is considered as a life threatening illness among the sufferers of diabetes mellitus. This takes place mainly with those who are suffering from type I diabetes. It results from insulin shortage, and because of insulin insufficiency body switches to burn fatty acids and generates acidic ketone bodies which cause mainly the complications and symptoms (Egred, 2005). In this case study Mrs. Joan is a diabetic patient and suffering from this condition since last 30years. DKA most often takes place in those patients who previously have diabetes. Apart from that she is obese. From various researches it is seen that DKA may takes place among those who have features of diabetes type II and features include obesity and family history. 2. a) No, she is not considered as Type I diabetic. This is because both features of these conditions are entirely different. Type II diabetes is characterized by increased glucose levels within the blood stream but in type I diabetes immune system destroy s the production of insulin by the pancreatic cells (Hassanein, Ewins and Worth, 2000). In this case body generates insulin but is not capable to identify and utilize it appropriately and that is why insulin therapy is given to the patient to control her blood sugar level. Her immune system does not destroy the insulin producing beta cells within the pancreas. b) Joans GP have commenced her on insulin dosages because Type II diabetes is completely curable and preventable. The recommendation is justified as Joan is diabetic for last 30years and consuming Protaphane and Metformin (Drugbank.ca, 2015). Yet her blood sugar level is not under control. Therefore commencement of insulin therapy prior meal and during the night time will help Joan to control her elevated blood sugar level. 3. a) The symptoms of hypoglycemia includes fatigue, pale skin, heart palpitations, anxiety, shakiness, hunger, irritability, sweating, blurry vision, nervousness, mood swing, sleeping difficulty, skin ting ling, loss of alertness, trouble in concentrating (Park et al., 2010). b) The treatment of hypoglycemia includes drinking juice or consuming glucose tablets or chewing sugary food (Bellenir, 2008). GP can also give a glucagon shot as for immediate purpose, because this raises the level of blood sugar.4. a) Blood Glucose Form: TIME BSL 0600 13.5mmol/l 0800 14.5mmol/l 1000 9.9mmol/l 1200 15.0mmol/l 1400 7.7mmol/l 1600 6.8mmol/l 1800 3.2mmol/l 1900 10.6mmol/l 2100 16mmol/l b) When it is documented that the BSL is 15.0 at 1200hrs, the responsible care provider should focus on her hyperglycemia treatment. It is also mentioned in this case study that she has diabetic keto acidosis, so taking care of this factor is of utmost important. Joan weighs 115kg so she should be administered with 6units of insulin. 5. 5 other conditions related to diabetes are: amputation, vision loss, nerve damage; kidney disease and stroke and heart complication. Amputation: the main two reasons associated with amputations of legs or feet include narrowing down of blood vessels, obstruction in adequate amount of blood circulation to the lower body portion. Sores or cuts in the legs or feet take time to heal properly and can get bad instead of getting healed. If a problem of damaged nerve is also present then the patient might not feel the ache because of foot problem (Healey and Healey, 2007). Sores if left untreated or ignored then the sores can become rapidly infected that leads to an emergency for amputation (Akram, Kerr and Mclennan, 2008). Treatment includes proper foot care, inspection of sores; avoid wearing badly fitting shocks and proper follow up with doctors. 6. DRUGS PHARMACODYNAMICS REASON TRADE NAMES DOSAGE PARAMETERS ADVERSE REACTIONS NURSING CONSIDERATION PATIENT EDUCATION Metformin Improves glucose tolerance, lowers basal and postprandial plasma glucose She is hyperglycemic Glucophage 1gm, twice Daily Stomach discomfort, lower back pain, cough, decreased appetite History of allergy and physical assessment like: skin color, lesions, liver evaluation Avoid alcohol consumption while administering with this drug Actrapid Helps glucose to enter the body cells from blood To manage the condition of diabetes Actrapid 4units/8hrs Excessive reduction all of blood glucose level sudenly Correct dosage should be prepared Education need to be given on lifestyle modification, proper diet Protaphane Helps glucose to enter the body cells from blood To control elevated level of blood sugar Protaphane 14units Excessive reduction all of a blood glucose level sddenly Correct dosage should be prepared Education need to be given on lifestyle modification, proper diet Digoxin A cardiac glycoside, treat congestive cardiac complication and arrhythmias because of reentry mechanism Control the rate of ventriculation in atrial fibrillation, manage congestive cardiac failure Digacin 62.5mcg/day Fainting, dizziness Need to be administered undiluted Patient should complain if any adverse effect initiates Ventolin Puffer A bronchodilator to control the condition of asthma To treat asthma or COPD Asthavent 2mg 3-4times/day Headache, flushing, hypokalaemia Assess lung sound, observe fore paradoxical spasm Patient should complain if any adverse effect initiates (Nhs.uk, 2015) Coloxyl with Senna Sennosides which are obtained from senna leaves, irritates bowel lining causing laxative effect Recommended for constipation Coloxyl II daily Weight loss, stomach pain As digoxin, blood thinner and diuretic tablets can affect Coloxyl, nurses should monitor if any adverse reaction arise Patient should complain if any adverse effect initiates (Aspenpharma.com.au, 2015) Atenolol It has lowest solubility in lipid and does not have membrane stabilizing activity She is hypertensive, so it is used to control her hypertension Normiten Daily Cold hand, feet, confusion History of sinus bradycardia and physical assessment: urine glucose, blood glucose, cholesterol CConsume drug with food id gastrointestinal upset takes place (Mayoclinic.org, 2015) 7. a) The clinical manifestations include extreme thrust, confusion, dry skin, mucous membranes, mouth, no urination and sunken eyes (Simmons, 2010). b) Nurses should have a good amount of knowledge about intra venous therapy. Many technical modifications are now in place those are time saving and innovative. This increases the therapy efficacy. The nurses need to be well equipped with these techniques.c) The complications may include hematoma infiltration, air embolism and phlebitis (Wittstock, Benecke and Zettl, 2003). d) Her blood pressure is at higher side, her heart rate is also increased and from her oxygen saturation measurement it is clearly understood that she is suffering from hypoxia. e) She could have suffering from loss of consciousness and increased palpitation because of dehydrated condition. 8. a) Heparin is used to prevent this from reoccurring.b) Heparin binds to antithrombin III and leads to instant inactivation of factors Xa and IIa. This heparin bound complex can inactivate plasmin (Drugbank.ca, 2015). Heparins antithrombotic effect is related well with the factor Xa inhibition. Heparin prevents formation of existing clots by diminishing further clotting and not a thombolytic agent.9. Immediate actions: support with oxygen mask as she is suffering from breathing shortness. The squeezing pain in the heart might represent a change of heart attack, so Digoxin can be administered or any other sublingual tablets can be immediately placed. 10. a) The criteria here that can be considered to give a MET call includes her sudden chest pain and raised heart rate and elevated blood pressure that indicate her chance to get a heart attack. 11. a) Normal range of troponin: 0-0.2ng/ml.b) The next response is a call to the medical emergency team.c) Turn patient onto her back, open airway using chin lift and head lift, keeping this passage open the personnel should look, feel, and listen to identify whether the patient is normally breathing and should take l ess than 10seconds. Listen at patients mouth for breathing sounds, look or movement of chest, feel for air on cheek. Chest decompression can be given and 2ventilations. d) ACE inhibitors can be used in this condition. Generic name: benazepril; Trade name: LotensinThis drug inhibits ACE in human (Nlm.nih.gov, 2015). This enzyme catalyzes conversion of angeotensin I to vasoconstrictor substance. Dosage: 20mg/day. 12. Joans discharge plan should be focused on her physiological conditions: DVT, DKA, diabetes and dehydrated condition. As the doctor has started insulin therapy, the patient should be educated properly regarding insulin administration. If help is required the hospital should arranged for nurse aide along with her. She should be provided with a template mentioning dos and donts, so that she can follow proper medication and its timing. References Akram, A., Kerr, R. and Mclennan, A. (2008). Amputation of lower left lip following dental local anaesthetic.Oral Surgery, 1(2), pp.111-113. Aspenpharma.com.au, (2015).Coloxyl - docusate | Aspen Pharmacare Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aspenpharma.com.au/products/details/index/id/448/product/Coloxyl [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Bellenir, K. (2008).Diabetes sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. Drugbank.ca, (2015).DrugBank: Heparin (DB01109). [online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01109 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Drugbank.ca, (2015).DrugBank: Heparin (DB01109). [online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01109 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Drugbank.ca, (2015).DrugBank: Metformin (DB00331). [online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db00331 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Egred, M. (2005). Diabetic keto-acidosis and hyperkalaemia induced pseudo-myocardial infarction.Heart, 91(9), pp.1180-1180. Hassanein, M., Ewins, D. and Worth, R. (2000). Case presentation: An unusual cause of severe peripartum hypoglycaemia in type I diabetes.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 50, p.215. Healey, J. and Healey, J. (2007).Diabetes. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Karlsen, B. and Bru, E. (2000). Coping among adults with type I and type II diabetes.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 50, p.231. Mayoclinic.org, (2015).Atenolol (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Drugs and Supplements - Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/atenolol-oral-route/description/drg-20071070 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Nhs.uk, (2015).Ventolin - Asthma medicines and drugs - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Asthma/Pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?condition=Asthmamedicine=Ventolin [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Nlm.nih.gov, (2015).Benazepril: MedlinePlus Drug Information. [online] Available at: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a692011.html [Accessed 19 Feb. 2015]. Park, M., Freund, G., Donovan, S., Freund, G., Johnson, R. and Woods, J. (2010).Neuroendocrine mechanisms of behavioral changes induced by hypoglycemia. Urbana, IL.: University of Illinois. Schatz, D., Haller, M. and Atkinson, M. (2010).Type I Diabetes. Philadelphia: Saunders. Simmons, S. (2010). Acute dehydration.Nursing, 40(1), p.72. Taylor, R. (2012). Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, 61(4), pp.778-779. Wittstock, M., Benecke, R. and Zettl, U. (2003). Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulins: Complications and Side-Effects.Eur Neurol, 50(3), pp.172-175.

National Music Studio. SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis gives an internal assessment of an organization by exploring its weakness, strengths, opportunities, and threats resulting from outside environment. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to present an explicit review of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the business environment of National Music Studio.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on National Music Studio. SWOT Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths The main strength of National Music Studio is presence of a well established marketing network. As a result, the school is able to reduce cost of advertisement since it depends on referrals from the experienced pool of staff to widen its catchment. National Music Studio has adopted a state-of-art teaching system to carry out its operations and services with clients and visiting persons. Through the use qualified teachers with good personality, the school has been able to increase confidence levels of its clients. The school operates two branches in Halifax-Dartmouth area. This gives the school an upper hand in controlling operations and offering balanced services. Besides, the school has strong reputation and favorable network of teachers who double up as its marketers. Due to its strong brand name, the school is well positioned to further its goal of establishing a new branch within Halifax-Dartmouth area, especially in the Central Business District. Weaknesses Numerous views by the respondents of the survey indicate that the school has minimal amenities such as parking spaces and shopping outlets. This has a substantial chance of minimizing the number of students who can be admitted there. A major challenge that the school faces is managing a large network of students with different needs. Reflectively, coordination is required among its teachers, marketers and administrators to manage these needs. Apparently, coordination is stil l below the required standard for a school of this magnitude. Moreover, the survey presents a serious challenge on marketing since many potential students cannot remember its name in the unguided interview results. As a matter of fact, this aspect may require a lot of resources to carry out campaigns in the highly structured neighborhood that doubles up as its main catchment area. As indicated in the survey, the poor location of one of its constituent branches is a challenge in running the school. Threats Halifax-Dartmouth has large multi-faceted music education schools serving over 10,000 students. This means that competition is very stiff as indicated in the survey. The number of competitors offering same services as National Music Studio is twelve. Despite its extensive catchment area, this is a real threat towards survival of this school. Besides, the survey indicates that there is an apparent shift in tastes and preferences of student as emerging collages seem to offer cheaper music education than National Music Store.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opportunities Advancement in technology and information gives National Music Studio an opportunity to embrace latest teaching skills in offering customized courses to its students. When implemented, this would help the school to offer cheap and innovative alternatives to teaching and learning music. Besides increasing effectiveness of its educational obligations, the school may double up as a music equipment selling store to ensure that it meets all the needs of its students. Due to its large catchment area, there is an unfulfilled education needs for the many students who would wish to join a music school after graduating from high school. Besides, the existence of music instrument store within its premises is a great opportunity for uniformity in its operations since students will have an opportuni ty to purchase and hire instruments within the proximity of their learning environment. This report on National Music Studio. SWOT Analysis was written and submitted by user Galilea B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Advocacy

Advocacy Free Online Research Papers Mediators and advocates are very important to the human service field because clients are often uneducated when it comes to knowing their rights and liberties that exist for them in our society. Clients are often unaware of laws and regulations that protect them so mediators and advocates are necessary to fill in this gap. Mediators are important in the human services field especially because they are facilitators of communication between two parties who have differences and conflicts. Without communication and a platform then minority groups are often left living their lives unfulfilled and in despair because their rights and liberties are not being met. In either case mediators and advocates have extremely tough jobs. Research Papers on AdvocacyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringThe Hockey GameLifes What IfsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a Essay

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a fashion clothing brand of your choice to outline the key issues facing the company in terms - Essay Example The Armani brand has a diverse appeal because it has line catering for special groups. Some of these consumers include the mature classy kind, young trendy consumers, children, wealthy and middle income consumers. The fashion industry is a competitive industry. There are a number of industries that could be viewed as Armani’s competitors. Some of these include; Christian Dior who has received acclamation for depth in his designs, Yves Saint Laurent has received acclamation for modernity in their designs, in 2006 they incorporated Asian themes in their clothing lines. Gucci received an award for being the highest selling brand from Italy in the year 2006. Gucci has acquired a reputation in the music industry by securing a market there. Gucci also made smoking tuxedos last fall. The clothing line is located all over the world. This implies that there is a wide client base for the company. Economies in those countries are improving and the need for clothes has increased. This means that the market is quite receptive at this moment. It is highly valued in Hollywood and fashion generally. It earns three billion euros to prove this point. It has a number of challenges that include: overstretching the line by venturing into too many products, having a strong personality behind the line- he may pass away and leave the brand hanging; it also has too many lines that may appear as if they are offering the same products. Armani Collezioni: this is the second most expensive clothing line in the Armani brand. This product focuses on the more mature consumer who is not looking for ‘hip’ clothes but prefers classy ones. The line is sold in various high profile department stores like David Jones and Harvey Nichols. Emporio Armani: this clothing line focuses on younger consumers. It offers a variety of trendy wear like jeans and t-shirts. It is an intermediate line that is not too expensive or too available either. It is found in boutiques and departmental

Muti questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Week 10 Bankruptcy Ind Wrk 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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What Is Advertising Theory?

What Is Advertising Theory? We live in a consumerist society. That is a known fact. We are surrounded by ads that say Buy this now. You will save time and money or Do you want your skin to be softer? Try this body cream and you will have the much-wanted baby skin!. And even though some of us ignore the fact that we are, indeed, the victims of these carefully planned slogans which mingle with some eye-catching images, we, the readers of advertisements, interact with them and construct meaning from particular given elements the visual signs that represent something familiar with which readers associate, or the language of the ad that can be related, as Angela Goddard states, with any piece of literature, using fully the resources of language and inviting creative and subtle readings from their users. With this statement, Goddard makes the first approach in the long debate concerning whether ads can be seen as literature or not (1998: 15). In the process of trying to define the ad we stumble upon an inconvenient truth: we are unable to answer the question What is an ad? with anything but it tries to persuade us to buy something, and we do not take into consideration how it does that and by what means we are tricked and that the advertising industry means more than just selling a product. That is the reason why linguists became involved in this subject, as well as sociologists or sociolinguists, psychologists and even anthropologists. The study of advertising is, therefore, taken to another level: linguists came to study and analyze the verbal language and have come to a certain point in their research to say that we can talk about a genre of discourse in advertising; sociologists keep studying nowadays the impact ads have on society and how they contribute to the way people and readers of advertising interpret and build their world and their beliefs and the degree to which we define our identities under the influence of the omnipresent ads. Advertisements are not only a tool used to compel people on an economic territory, but also a kind of tool used to conquer people socially, psychologically and culturally. According to Davidson (1992: 6) studying advertising quickly and inevitably means studying how we read language, images, myths and how it is we build out of them our sense of who we are. From this perspective, ads not only help to sell things (White, 2000: 5), but their existence defines gender construction or stimulates the audience to develop their interest by creating new meanings. In the discussion about some theoretical issues of the advertisement, it must be mentioned that the ad always has an audience and we may call it addressee(s) while the addresser(s) is the one who sends the message (to buy a product, to apply to a service, to support some charity organization, etc) through language (slogans, short texts, etc) and visual tools (Goddard, 1998: 7) Throughout the evolution of advertising, defenders of its effects on society contradicted with those who claimed that ads have a dreadful effect on how one relates to a certain ad and constructs a world around a sold idea. It is partially true that advertisements may have a negative influence in unfolding gender stereotypes and shaping consumers lives on certain levels. A relevant example given by the non-believers is that ads continuously cultivate low self-esteem among young girls exposed to huge billboards showing a girl with a perfect body, perfect shiny hair and perfect skin, making them long for an idea of beauty which is not real at all and manipulating them to buy those products advertised to get that kind of hair or that kind of skin. With this, advertising theorists developed the idea that advertisements come to fill in a much bigger need of comfort, thus improving the corporate image of the company in order to create the icon of a trustworthy and benevolent firm (Brierley, 1995: 43). Its defenders used the argument that not all advertising is deceiving people into buying certain kinds of products, but some advertisements are based on social change and use true stories or/and shocking images to create a (positive) impact on society, aiming constantly at changing the way in which people behave: here we can mention the anti-smoking, healthy eating or anti-drug campaigns, which try to shock people by presenting statistics that show the death rate among smokers or drug users or aim to touch the emotional level by telling the stories of the ones in one of the mentioned situations, for successful advertising appeals both to the head and to the heart, to reason and emotions (Beatson, 1986: 265). Finally, advertising is defended as being a form of artistic expression (Leiss, 1997: 3) and contributing to a certain level to the education of the people, teaching them how to behave and what to think, feel, believe, fear and desire and what not to. (Kellner, 1995 : 5). Advertising must always be theorized according to the development of society towards this consumerist culture that exists nowadays. Therefore, one cannot talk about the impact of advertisements only economically. The evolution of the individual within the advertising culture must also be taken into consideration. In the historical evolution of advertising, one can identify the process of constructing gender identities in society. The most world-wide discussed example we can mention to sustain this idea is the evolution of the image of women in society, from the male supremacy towards the emancipation of women. The researchers in the advertising field stated that this evolution of gender identities must always be related to its context. That is the reason why a sexist ad from the 50s could easily cause laughter, because it no longer relates to the cultural context nowadays. Theorists of advertising conclude that another issue which we must take into consideration when analyzing an ad is the context. Linguists came and said that there is more to take into account when advertising analysts decide the context of the advertisement; according to Guy Cook (1992: 1) context includes also the following: substance, music and picture, paralanguage, situation, co-text, inter-text, participants and function, and, therefore, the correct approach in the study of ads must consider these features too. Cooks holistic definition of the ad (Cook, 1992: 2-6) comes as a breath of fresh air after decades in which specialists ignored the fact that the ad is an interaction of elements and linguists who analyzed the language of the advertisement ignored the picture which comes with it and which also contributes to the construction of meaning. What will an ad look like without the picture? I agree with Cooks idea that elements interact in an advertisement and that the first contact we have with the ad is through the visual tools and only after that do we stop and read what is written under the image. One cannot just simply leave behind the meaning of the picture, because it can be integrated in the sphere of the context. Let us take as example an ad in which two or more people who seem to have different nationalities are shaking hands and smiling gathered at a big table and maybe celebrating something. The readers, at first, interpret this visual information and they do not expect to read u nder this image something about a dreadful event, but they associate the people shaking hands with friendship, peace or something positive; and just after that do they come to read about a charity organization. As Cook states, we cannot just cut out important pieces from the ad, because the meaning of the entire campaign is based on how these elements interact with one another and thus sell the idea or the product. Linguists have launched different theories concerning the new type of discourse that ads use. Even though ads are seen as ephemeral discourses, one cannot ignore the long-lasting impact they have. The debate is taken further at the point of discussing whether ads can be seen as literature. So, can we answer the question What is advertising? by claiming that advertising is a new type of literature? Some specialists state that ads use creativity to stimulate people to read between the lines and find the hidden message and, of course, here they refer to the use of narrative techniques. But some of them also claim that it is impossible to put the label literature on any piece of text produced and that there are certain characteristics that a text must have to be literature. So, both parts have come to a consensus, to create a middle category for ads, and include them in the new sub-literary genres (Cook, 1992: Foreword). Ads still being considered the exception and debates still being ar gued, we cannot totally associate literature with ads. Whatever history the field of advertising has, there is an absolute truth about its changeability. Ads change over time, change being influenced by the social and cultural context. Since the 1900s advertising has changed massively, first because of the technological progress that enables ads to be delivered worldwide through radio, media or through the Internet, commercials being delivered in ways that were beyond belief decades ago; and, on the other hand, due to the changes undergone by society and its cultural values which ads have changed enormously. The public changed its identity, and advertising companies reinvented old ads and updated them to suite the new world. Here we can give the example of brands like Schweppes, Coca-Cola, Dove, and so on and so forth. If we have a look, for example, at a Dove ad from 1955, when the company made its debut, and a 2010 Dove ad we find the old one rather simple, plain we could say, because the cultural context has changed and, thus, the com pany nowadays sustains in its ads this battle between natural beauty and the artificial one, real women vs. supermodels. Cook identifies two levels at which one could observe the evident changes of the ads, one is at the lower level of substance, surroundings, mode and paralanguage, and also at the level of text (Cook, 1992:179); the lower level of substance has been partially covered before, but at the text level we can see a change in the accompanying discourses, because within 50 years there has been a shift from print ads accompanied by stories to very short discourses, nowadays, advertising companies claiming that they would rather use slogans that are short and easily remembered. This change happened mainly because people have nowadays a different life- style, and are not interested in reading a one page ad text or, they probably no longer have the time to do so. Ogilvy claims that we have lost the pleasure of reading advertisements, the pleasure of being captivated by the wit ty, tricky story of a product. Here is an example of the changes in the print ads of The Coca-Cola Company: Then Printed vintage Coca-Cola ad Now Ads as a discourse type Different theoretical approaches have generated a variety of definitions of the concept of discourse, but each of them had as a starting point the concept of language and how language is used in particular situations. Various texts are explored within the field of discourse analysis which is based on examining the way in which meanings are created throughout the text and studying language in its cultural form. Researchers have used the concept of text separate from the one of discourse, due to the common belief that when we talk about a text we strictly refer to the written language and that discourse is strictly limited to the spoken area of language. The modern theorists of language introduced the theory that the concept of text includes many other utterances and statements, so that we can put the label text on almost any magazine article, interview or conversation we stumble upon everyday. In Dresslers view, a text is a communicative event that must accomplish the following seven criteria: Cohesion representing the relationship between text and syntax and the use of phenomena such as ellipsis, anaphora, recurrence or conjunction. Coherence which has to do with the meaning of the text. Intentionality representing the attitude and purpose of the speaker or writer. Acceptability concerning the role of the reader or of the hearer to asses the relevance of the important information of a text. Informativity referring to the quality of the new information. Situationality representing the importance of the situation in which the text is produced. Intertextuality which refers to the fact that a text is related to some other discourses. Discourse analysts have always given a more important role to the external factors, believing that they play a significant part in communication. Cook sustains this idea that discourse analysis is not concerned with language alone (1992: 1) and makes the difference between text and context, the first having linguistic forms, separated from context for the purposes of analysis, and the second including, in the case of advertisements all of the following (Cook,1992: 4) : à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · substance: the physical material of the text. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · music and pictures. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · paralanguage: referring to all the accompanying language (gestures, facial expression, or the size of the letters in writing). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · situation: the relations of objects and people in the surroundings of the text, as seen by the participants. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · co-text: which refers to the text which precedes or follows that under analysis, and which readers/listeners judge to belong to the same discourse. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · intertext: refers to the text which the readers/listeners perceive as belonging to other discourse, but which they associate with the text under consideration and which affects their interpretation. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · participants: each participant is at the same time a part of the context and an observer of it. Participants are usually described as senders, addressers, addressees and receivers. The sender of a message is not always the same as the addresser. Neither is the receiver always the addressee, the person for whom it is intended. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · function: which refers to what the text is intended to do by the senders and addressers, or perceived to do by the receivers and addressees. In order to establish the type of discourse advertisements use, we need to focus first on the field of discourse analysis and see how the ads have been perceived and received into the sphere. James Paul Gee states that the area of discourses can be seen as an institution and prompts us to imagine that we have a giant map. Each discourse is represented on the map like a country, but with movable boundaries that you can slide around a bit and we move the boundaries of the discourse areas on the map around in negotiation with others (Gee, 1999: 22). That is the reason why some types of discourses seem to be hybrids; because of this continuously interaction between them and the contestable boundaries. The only difference between one discourse and another is the grammar they use; grammar as referring to what linguists have named for a long time now as collocational patterns. In the advertising area these patterns signal the type of social language (informal/formal) used to achieve somethi ng like the customers attention and curiosity. Ads caught the attention of the linguists first because they were an evidence of the fact that language is always in context, and second because their discourse was complex, sometimes associated with that of literature, always holding out more to be analysed. According to Cook, describing advertising as a discourse is both more complete and more difficult than the approaches which separate out components of ads, underline a few, and ignore the rest (Cook, 1992: 2). This approach was summed up in Figure 1 by Cook who also believes that the ad is not a stable entity and that any change that occurs at any level, the whole discourse changes (Cook, 1992: 6): Figure 1 Interaction of elements in ads. There are many categories of discourses, or discourse types, which surround us at any time. Some of them are perceived as conversations, others as news bulletins, gossip, jokes, games, lessons, etc. The categories can be drawn further on, but they all merge and defy the same purpose. It is the cultural background that makes us to separate the discourses into units, to give those units names, and to assign them categories (Cook, 1992: 10). Discourse types also cover the area of non verbal communication, and here we can include the category of advertisements discourse. Ads usually have at least a representative slogan, and/or a text sustaining the product advertised. But this is not a general rule. The importance of these non verbal elements depends and varies from spectator to spectator. There are ads without language which have a greater impact through the image associated with what is being promoted, and there are ads in which language plays a subordinate part. When it comes to define what type of discourse ads embody, specialists find themselves in difficulty. It should not be that way, since we are surrounded by them and they represent a conspicuous discourse type in almost all contemporary societies. Cook is among the first linguists to overcame traditionally bias when it comes to define the ad. When trying to distinguish ads from other discourses, he states that people tend to put in the first place as the major qualifying facet the function of the ads. This is because they simply see the surface aim: to convince people to buy a certain product. But ads are not discourses simply related to that universally known purpose, they also are discourses which do not try to sell anything, but advocate a cause, or sustain a campaign. The ads can also be seen according to their intention to inform, misinform, warn or simply amuse the reader. If one considers that the only function is to persuade people, that person leaves a great amount of information aside. For example, if a non-smoker receives ads for cigarettes, or a person who has limited funds receives an ad for a brand-new, expensive, ecologically car, it is clear that the receiver of these ads will know that they are certainly not for him. But this does not mean that those ads do not say anything to the receiver. This is the reason why Cook understands the function from two different perspectives: the function which the sender intends the discourse to have may not be the same as the function it actually does have for the receiver (Cook, 1992: 14). The receiver can use the cigarette ad in a further discussion about smoking/non-smoking. These changes in the function of advertisements are due to the fact that, with ads, there is no single sender and receiver, because ads are not created by a single individual, neither are they the expression of one unique, universal message for the receivers. Advertising is a difficult genre to describe, because it is very wide and merges with other genres; it is Cooks idea of the interactional features in an ad. Every text, as Roland Barthes argued in one of his works, is a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings blend and clash (Barthes, 1977: 146). Donald Matheson studied further this premise and states that according to the intertextual theory, one must ask himself three kinds of questions about all ads and, indeed, all texts: The first one is about identity, and as Barthes noted, a writers work is about the point where that writer puts himself/herself to what has already been told. Matheson uses this theory at a more general level and states that by using language with a particular history, we are placing ourselves, the messages and meanings we produce, in a particular relation to society and culture (Matheson, 2005: 46). A second kind of question concerns the social struggle, which in Mathesons terms is the struggle to re-accent language that has been tied to particular interests before. One can analyze further on the social component of a particular sign to trace its impact and workings on the society. A third and final question refers to the role of media (such as advertising) in shaping shared repertories of intertexts in society. For example, when a passerby sees the following beer advertisement, he/she will immediately make the connection with the popular saying An apple a day, keeps the doctor away. Alluding to other texts is a valuable technique for advertisers. First, it requires a certain degree of cognitive work from consumers and, as rhetorical analysts argue, the more work people have to do to get a meaning, the further they go through the path a particular text is trying to lead them, the more active they collaboration with the texts meaning is. In the text ads carry with them, their receivers recognize previous ways of talking, especially ways which have been solidified over time and used into genres, and these guide them as to how they should fit the elements of the ad together to form larger meaningful units. Fairclough (1995: 55) argues that we can identify social change and challenges of the social structures to this generic heterogeneity. A particular text can draw upon the language of another genre, or it may perform some of the functions of another genre, and also it mat draw upon the graphic form of another genre (Cook, 1992: 46, describes a Hamlet cigar ad that plays with the British Channel 4 station logo). The ad opens up quite unique and specific identity for its readers/viewers. The reference to other texts is sometimes ironic, so we are being asked by those types of ads to be ironic readers and take a critical standpoint towards media. According to Matheson, before an advertisement can create a desire for a product, it must first create a sense of inadequacy which that desire will fill in Matheson (2002: 48). Advertising works not only when people notice the ads, but when they change their behaviour, preferences and their habits in line with the ad. The goal of advertisements is first to participate in the foundation of peoples lifestyles, of their everyday activities and their understanding of themselves and the world that surrounds them. Cooks study concerning the prototypes, not definitive components of ads resulted in the identification of ads as being embedded in an accompanying discourse, foregrounding connotational meaning, thus effecting fusion between different spheres. Adv ertisements abound in intertextual references, this hypothesis being at the core of Cooks metaphorical definition of parasitic ads: appropriating and existing thorough the voices of other discourses (Cook, 1992: 176). In his study, Cook (1992: 12) heightens the following question: since discourse types may be described in terms of their social function, and vice versa, societies may be categorized in terms of the types of discourses they use, where do we place the advertising discourse? Foucault (1971) argues that a culture represent the sum of its orders of discourse. In this position, advertisements occupy a dual position: they help create a new global culture and a new type of discourse, and also it reflects the differences between cultures. The study of advertisements not only draws attention upon language facts, but they give a great amount of information regarding the cultural and social development of a particular civilization. To define what type of discourse advertisements use it is necessary to notice the attitudes towards this discourse. In this respect, ads are the most controversial of all contemporary discourses, partly because it is relatively new and studies and theories keep comin g to light, and partly because it is associated with the market economy from nowadays which helps the advertising corporations to thrive. Attempts to define ads as a discourse type run into different approaches and theories. One of these theories sustains that analysts must consider first the individual meaning of each of the word, and it was developed by Professor Eleanor Rosch and was named the prototype theory (Rosch, 1977: 34). Her research suggests that we choose or understand a word by referring to a mental representation of a typical instance (Rosch, 1977: 41). That given entity can be a bird, she states, and its image will depend on its resemblance to our prototype of a bird. This will vary from culture to culture, and individual to individual. Rosch states that a typical bird for Europeans can be a sparrow, while for the most North Americans is perhaps a robin. We are less likely to identify with the word from the category, if a particular instance does not match with our prototype. This approach, if applied to the debate of defining ads, simplifies the definition, because discourses that are described as ads, but do not share these prototypical elements of an ad, will no longer make the subject of further analysis. But the prototypical ad varies between a community, individuals and of course periods of time. Another theory that was launched first by Cook (1992) has as a starting point the fact that in order to fulfill its aims, advertising discourse use strategies, especially textual-discursive strategies, and makes use of techniques of manipulation of the language, words, creates ambiguity and also addresses to the emotional and personal feelings of the individual. That is why these discourses are more difficult to pin down. It is because their changing and hybrid nature. The language of advertisements, which linguists state that attests a deviation from the linguistic forms, employs both direct and indirect convincing techniques. In order to achieve their communicative effect, sometimes ad discourses appear ambiguous or use contradictory statements. In the process of constructing ads discourses, the signifier and the signified relationship, in the terms of Saussure (1959), is somehow twisted, misrepresented. In advertising discourses the arbitrariness of sign takes over and the old law s disappear. For example, cohesion, according to Vestargaard and Schroder (1985), ceases to exist in the advertising language, and is replaced by the interpretation of the advertisement message that demands coherence from the point of view of the consumer, and his understanding of that message.

Euthanasia: Killing or Helping Essay -- Essays Paper

Euthanasia: Killing or Helping Is society playing the role of God or is the world so wrapped up in their lives that God no longer matters? Euthanasia has been around since the ancient Romans and Greeks and has been a highly debated subject just as it is today. In history and in arguments stated today is that â€Å"people are the created and not the Creator† (Gula 26). There are many things that society can argue about the subject of euthanasia but the main debate is that euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is wrong. Society gets euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide confused because they both have to do with physicians tending to the patient’s death. Society is either for or against euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. It is debated throughout history, within the church, and even within the medical profession; however euthanasia is wrong. Euthanasia is a problem that has been facing people since the time of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Manning states that the ancient Greeks and Romans preferred to die, then to go through the pain and suffering (Manning 6). During the time of the Romans and Greeks, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide was a common, everyday thing. However, a group called the Pythagoreans opposed euthanasia back then because they believed that God valued the human life itself and the act of killing someone who is already suffering was considered disrespectful (Manning 6). Plato and Aristotle both opposed euthanasia for a couple of reasons. Plato opposed suicide, but on the other hand, he rejected that the right to take a life had only belonged to the gods (Manning 8-9). According to Manning, Plato believed when a person’s life was considered useless... ...at kind of relationship would that constitute for a physician? Euthanasia is a subject that society is not just going to let pass by them without society giving their points of view. Euthanasia is just another excuse for physician’s to be able to kill another human life that could still be worth living, just as abortion is seen. As society has grown since ancient times they have come across many more debates and many more reasons why euthanasia so be allowed or not allowed. If society allows such an act of degrading of a life, we will be taking life into our hands and will be leading into a whole different world. The main question that boggles many people’s minds is that if society allows this form of killing to go on then what is society going to let happen next? Is society taking life into our own hands or is our life taking us into its hands?

Rita Dove

The poet that I have chosen to do is Rita Dove. In her newest collection of poems, Sonata Mulattica, there were many to choose from. However the two that I wanted to look deeper into were Exit and Golden Oldie. In both poems she is able to convey strong emotions in the characters she described. Rita Dove was born in Akron, Ohio. Her father, Ray A. Dove, was a chemist, and a pioneer of integration in American industry. Both of her parents encouraged persistent study and wide reading. From an early age, Rita loved poetry and music. She played cello in her high school orchestra, and led her high school's majorette squad. As one of the most outstanding high school graduates of her year, she was invited to the White House as a Presidential Scholar. At Miami University in Ohio, she began to pursue writing seriously. After graduating summa cum laude with a degree in English in 1973, she won a Fulbright Scholarship to study in Germany for two years at the University of Tubingen. She then joined the famous Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa, receiving her Masters' Degree in 1977. At Iowa, she met another Fulbright scholar, a young writer from Germany named Fred Viebahn. They were married in 1979. Their daughter Aviva was born in 1983. From 1981 to 1989, Rita Dove taught creative writing at Arizona State University. Appearances in magazines and anthologies had won national acclaim for Rita Dove before she published her first poetry collection, The Yellow House on the Corner in 1980. It was followed by Museum (1983) and Thomas and Beulah, (1986) a collection of interrelated poems loosely based on the life of her grandparents. Thomas and Beulah won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. In 1993, Rita Dove was appointed to a two-year term as Poet Laureate of the United States and Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. She was the youngest person, and the first African-American, to receive this highest official honor in American letters. In the fall of 1994, she read her poem, Lady Freedom Among Us, at the ceremony commemorating the 200th anniversary of the U. S. Capitol. Other publications by Rita Dove include a book of short stories, Fifth Sunday, the poetry collections Grace Notes, Selected Poems and Mother Love, and the novel Through the Ivory Gate. Her verse drama, The Darker Face of the Earth had its world premiere at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in the 1986. Another production of the play appeared at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D. C. , in 1997. Dove has brought her poetry to television audiences through her appearances on CNN and NBC's Today Show. Public Broadcasting has devoted an hour-long prime time special to her life and work. She has shared television stages with Charlie Rose, Bill Moyers and Big Bird. On radio, she has hosted a National Public Radio special on Billie Holliday, and has been a frequent guest on Garrison Keillor's Prairie Home Companion. She joined former President Jimmy Carter top welcome an unprecedented gathering of Nobel Laureates in Literature to Atlanta, Georgia for a Cultural Olympiad held in conjunction with the 1996 Olympic Games. That same year, a symphonic work for orchestra and narrator — â€Å"Umoja — Each One of Us Counts,† — was performed at Atlanta's Symphony Hall with Rita Dove's text performed by former Mayor and U. N. Ambassador Andrew Young. Dove's lifelong interest in music has taken other forms. She has provided text for works by composers Tania Leon, Bruce Dolphe and Alvin Singleton. Her song cycle Seven for Luck, with music by John Williams, was featured on a PBS television special with the Boston Symphony. In 2009, she published Sonata Mulattica, a book-length cycle of poems telling the story of the 19th century African-European violinist George PolgreenBridgetower and his turbulent friendship with Ludwig van Beethoven. Rita Dove is Commonwealth Professor of English at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, where she lives with her husband, the German author Fred Viebahn. They have one daughter. In her spare time, she studies classical voice and practices the viola da gamba, a 17th century forerunner of the modern cello. Now that a little more about her life is understood it is time to examine the poems themselves. In Golden Oldie Dove tells a narrative about her getting home. The emotions in this poem are clearly evident, and show that the speaker is confused about her life. The first thing I noticed was a irregular rhyming scheme. Often times poetry follows certain patterns, but in this case there is none. The words that rhyme are: swaying and playing, and sentiment and lament. Also, the words â€Å"alive† and â€Å"live by† are very similar sounding. Thus by having some things rhyme, in an irregular manner she shows that there is some consistency within randomness. This is similar to the girls life – very confusing. Moreover, her word choice is quite important in the poem. For instance, swaying is a specific choice because it has connotations of being lost or indifferent. Later on she reaffirms this thought by comparing herself in a simile to a blind pianist caught in a tune meant for more than two hands. The scenario she compares herself to is somewhat humorous to think about, because the pianist is basically completely helpless. Obviously the feat described is quite confusing. In the next few lines she describes the song playing on the radio in her car. It is being sung by a young girl who, in her opinion is dying to feel alive. Dying to feel alive is a pretty intense statement to make. It seems that to make such a drastic statement she may be feeling that same issue. It continues to say â€Å"to discover a pain majestic enough to live by. † This line is very interesting because most people don’t require a pain to live. Rather they try to avoid pain. But it appears that the girl singing, and possibly the author, want to feel something rather than nothing at all. She was getting very intimate with the song, as proven by her turning off the air conditioning, despite the hot temperatures. Also, she leaned back as if to block out everything else but what she heard. The line in the song so closely paid attention to is described as a lament. A lament is described as a way to express sadness, grief, or sorrow. Then, upon hearing the melancholy statement, the speaker says she greedily took in without a clue who my lover might be. This was the most confusing part of the poem to me. At first I didn’t understand how she could greedily take something in, when there was no actual object to get. However, it appears that she is hoarding the idea of having a lover who wants to know where their love went. Thus, it leads me to believe that she is in search of love when she concludes with â€Å"or where to start looking. † Searching for love can be really confusing. Therefore a theme statement for the overall meaning of the poem can be derived: Often times human beings can be very confused in their emotions. Sometimes they can find understanding in other confusing things because it is easy to relate to. The second poem by Rita Dove that I analyzed was Exit. In this case the author conveys that the emotion being felt by the speaker is anxious hopefulness. It is written from the speakers perspective about the reader, which I thought was very interesting. It's about â€Å"you†, the reader, who is going somewhere. There is no rhyming scheme and it is one large stanza. The speaker starts off by saying that a visa is granted. This tends to imply hat someone is going somewhere outside of their current country for an extended period of time. This can cause some anxiety. Moreover, it is said that the traveler wanted to get it, because there was hope that it would arrive. Then upon leaving, there is the realization that it is actually happening. The author compares the exit to that of in a movie. More information about the visa follows. It is has been granted, â€Å"provisionally. † Meaning temporary or conditional, the speaker describes it as a fretful, or scary word. Then a reference to the windows of the house is made. I think the author included this to reinforce the mindset that your leaving home, a very special place. However, an immediate contrast is made by saying â€Å"here it’s gray. † This is in regards to the fact that a feeling of sorrow is present due to leaving. A suitcase is described as the saddest object in the world, which seems odd because the person wanted to travel according to the hope for a visa. Although it may be the case where the traveler knows that it is best to go, but is still upset about leaving. The final few lines reference the childhood of the reader. A metaphor is used to compare the windshield of the vehicle too cheeks of the reader. â€Å"And now through the windshield the sky begins to blush as you did when your mother told you what it took to be a woman in this life. † This is a much more positive angle on the journey they're about to embark on. After reviewing the poems many times a general theme statement can be constructed: Often times human beings feel anxious about something they're going to do. However, despite their concerns they can still have some feelings of hope that they will be successful.